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BDV101 > Phylum Porifera > Flashcards

Phylum Porifera Flashcards

1
Q

Porifera means

A

porus, pore + ferre, to bear
Porifera = pore-bearing

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2
Q

Phylum porifera comprises the ___

A

Sponges

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3
Q

General Characteristics:
1. Sponges have no _______
2. They _____ by drawing water through pores
3. Grow in many forms: ___ (3)

A
  1. nerves or muscles
  2. filter-feed
  3. solitary, colonial, branching
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4
Q

General Characteristics I
1. The surface of each sponge bears minute pores called
2. These pores lead into a central hollow cavity, these internal cavity is called the
3. It opens to outside through a large circular opening, the

A
  1. ostia (ostium) or incurrent pores
  2. paragastric cavity or spongocoel
  3. osculum
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5
Q

Phylum Porifera: Body Wall
In primitive condition, the sponge body has three layers that are not true tissues:

  1. external, epithelium-like
  2. internal, flagellated choanoderm
  3. gelatinous matrix of protein ____ sandwiched between
A

pinacoderm
choanoderm
mesenchyme (=mesohyl)

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6
Q

Sponges are composed of four types of _____, cooperative cells.

A

Pluripotent

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7
Q

Phylum Porifera CELL TYPES

A

Choanocytes
Pinacocytes
Porocytes
Archaeocytes/ Amoebocytes

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8
Q

Choanocytes (Collar cells)
- use for______
- each collar cell has a ______
- surrounded by a sieve-like ____ that acts as a strainer
- Collar is made of ______

A

feeding
flagellum; collar
microvilli and microfibrils

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9
Q

Choanocytes line major cavities depending on canal system:
a._____ on asconoid types
b.______ on syconoid types
c.______ on leuconoid types

A

spongocoel
radial canals
flagellated chambers

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10
Q

Pinacocytes ( thin flat cell)
* form outer “_____” and sometimes lines inner passages
* nearest thing to tissues thin flat cells
* are highly ______= myocytes in circular bands around oscula to ____

A

epithelium
contractile ; to regulate water flow

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11
Q

Porocytes forms the _____

A

incurrent pores/ ostia

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12
Q

Function of porocytes

A

Acts as a valve to regulate the flow of water into the spongocoel

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13
Q

_________ (cell type)
* amoeboid type cells
* roam the mesenchyme receive particles from choanocytes for _____ phagocytize old cells
* These contain much _____ which carry on all the functions essential for the life of the sponge
* ______ : can differentiate into any other type of cell of different kinds

A

Archaeocytes/amoebocytes
- digestion
- RNA
- Totipotent cells

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14
Q

Specialized amoebocyte cells secrete skeletal elements:
- secrete spicules (silica or CaCO3)
- secrete proteinaceous spongin fibers
- secrete proteinaceous collagen fibers

A

Sclerocytes
Spongocytes
Collencytes

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15
Q

Water flow and body structure (Diagram)
1. ______. The wall of this sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous matrix, the ____ (“___”)

A

Mesohyl (“middle matter”

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16
Q

Water flow and body structure (Diagram)
2. ______. The outer layer consists of tightly packed epidermal cells.
3. ______. Water enters the sponge through this.
4. ______. Water passing through pores enters a cavity called.

A

Epidermis
Pores (Ostia)
Sphongocoel

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17
Q

Water flow and body structure (Diagram)
5. ____. The sphongocoel is line with ____, called____.
By beating flagella, the choanocytes create a current that draws water in through the ____.

A

Choanocytes;
feeding cells; choanocytes.
porocytes

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18
Q

Water flow and body structure (Diagram)
6. The movement of a choanocyte’s flagellum also draws water through its collar of finger-like projections. Food particles are trapped in the mucus that coats the projections, engulfed by ____ , and either digested or transferred to amoebocytes.

  1. _____. These cells can transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge body, produce materials for skeletal libers (spicules), or become any type of sponge cell
A

phagocytosis
Amoebocytes

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19
Q

The organization of sponges are grouped into 3 types (3 different types of body plans)

A

Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid

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20
Q

Simplest type of canal system.
It has one opening ostia in its body wall.
It is lined by flagellated choanocytes.

A

Asconoid

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21
Q

Syconoid have 2 types of canals:

A

Incurrent - non flagellated
Radial - flagellated

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22
Q

Syconoid have 2 openings:

A

Dermal ostia and Prosopyles

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23
Q

In Leuconoid, flagellated chambers are line by ___
while all other spaces are lined by ____ incurrent canals open into _____ through _____

A

Choanocytes
Pinacocytes
Flagellated cluster chambers; prosopyles

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24
Q

Leuconid sponges grow to over1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers enables them to take a wider range of forms, for example “____” sponges whose shapes follow those of the surfaces to which they attach.

A

encrusting

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25
Q

All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have leuconid bodies. Sponges ni the class Calcarea, considered to be the most primative group, and have asconoid, synconold and leuconold members. The ____ and _____ groups have only leuconoid forms.

A

Hexactinellida & Demospongiae

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26
Q

___ used in feeding, gas exchange, removal of wastes, and release of the gametes because the sponges are ____

A

Water current; sessile

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27
Q

Water current is caused by constant beating of __________

A

Flagella of choanocytes

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28
Q

3 types of Canal System

A

Ascon type
Sycon type
Leucon type

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29
Q

Course of water current in Ascon type canal system

A

Ingressing water
Ostia
Spongocoel
Osculum
Outside

30
Q

Course of water current in Sycon type canal system

A

Ingressing water
Dermal Ostia
Incurrent Canal
Prosopyles
Radial canals
Apopyles
Spongocoel
Osculum
Outside

31
Q

Course of water current in Leucon type canal system

A

Ingressing water
Dermal Ostia
Incurrent Canal
Prosopyles
Flagellated Chambers
Apopyles
Excurrent Canals
Osculum
Outside

32
Q

The classification of sponges is based on ____

A

skeletal morphology

33
Q

The skeletal framework of a sponge may be __ & __

• The fibrous part comes from _____ ni the Intercellular matrix: _____

• Rigid skeletons consist of ____: ____ & ____

A

fibrous or rigid

collagen fibrils
- spongin

needlelike spicules
Calcareous & Siliceous

34
Q

[Support]
the cells in gelatinous matrix of a sponge are arranged around a

A

skeleton of spicules

35
Q

Spicules maintain its shape and keep____ open

Spicules may be composed of ___ (3)

A

pores and canals

Calcium carbonate, silica, spongin (collagen found only in animals)

36
Q

All but a few sponges are ____
They feed on : (3)

A

Filter-feeders
- detritus, plankton, bacteria

37
Q

____, ____ and ____ can all phagocytize food

____ can eat larger particles
____ can eat smaller particles

A

pinacocytes, archaeocytes and choanocytes

archaeocytes - larger
choanocytes - smaller

38
Q

What sponge is a predator

A

Cladorhiza corona

39
Q

They take in O2 and get rid of wastes and CO2 by

A

Simple Diffusion

40
Q

Asexual reproduction

  1. A “bud” grows on the parent sponge and breaks off making a new sponge
  2. Sponges are broken/ split into pieces that grow into new clones
A

Budding
Fission/ Fragmentation

41
Q

Asexual reproduction
C. Some species also form internal buds, called ____, which can survive extremely unfavorable conditions that cause the rest of the sponge to die

A

Gemmules

42
Q

Eggs are stored inside the walls of female sponges. Male sponges release sperm into the water.

Sperm enter the female sponge through the water current & her cells carry the sperm to the eggs to be fertilized.

A

Sexual reproduction

(internal fertilization)

43
Q

Function as both sexes simultaneously; producing both sperm and eggs

A

Hermaphrodites

44
Q

Sexual Reproduction:

  1. Sperm are produced by _____
  2. Eggs are formed by transformation of _____
  3. Fertilization taking place in the ______
A
  1. Choanocytes
  2. Archeocytes
  3. Mesohyl
45
Q

They function first as one sex and then as the other

A

Sequential hermaphroditism

46
Q

______ can result when sperm released into the water current by an individual functioning as a male is drawn into a neighboring individual that is functioning as a female. The resulting zygotes develop into flagellated, swimming larvae that disperse from the parent sponge. After settling on a suitable substrate, a larva develops into a sessile adult.

A

Cross-fertilization

47
Q

Phylum Porifera Classification
3 CLASSES, the most important distinction are skeletal characteristics

A

Calcarea: The Calcarous Sponges
Hexactinellida - The Glass Sponges
Demospongiae - The Bath Sponges

48
Q

What class of Porifera:
- Most diverse class
- 8,800 identified species, 76%
- Soft bodied leuconoid
- Large hard skeleton
- SILICA BASED SPICULES

A

Demospongia

49
Q

[Class Demospongia]
The bath sponge: _____
Belongs to the group called ____
The spicule skeleton is absent, and replaced by ____ arranged in a complex anastomosing pattern.

A

Spongia
horny sponges
Spongin fiber

50
Q

[Class Demospongia]
Elephant’s ear sponge: _____
Its skeleton is made up of _____
Some species are known to produce _____ which may have biomedical properties

A

Carteriospongia
Only sponging and no spicules
Cytotoxic chemicals

51
Q

[Class Demospongia]
The barrel sponge ______
Many large _____ are scattered within its body

A

Xestospongia
Siliceous monaxon spicules

52
Q

What class of Porifera:
- Species from all main body structures (asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid, solenoid)
- Spicule skeletons made up of CaCO3
- Small and drab in color
- approximately 400 species

A

Calcarea

53
Q
  • This calcareous sponge occurs in clusters or colonies in shore waters.
  • The body is tubular and opens at the tip through the osculum
A

Leucosolenia

54
Q

What class of Porifera:
- Deep sea leuconoids
- Nicknamed “Glass sponges”
- Conduct electrical impulses
- Quick response to stimuli

A

Hexactinellida

55
Q

Venus flower basket: _____
- This syconoid deep-sea glass sponge has a cylindrical and curved body. The upper end is closed by the oscular sieve which strengthens the end-piece of the sponge. Around the cylinder are continuous ledges of spicules.

A

Euplectella
or Euplecta aspergillum

56
Q

[Euplecta; Class Hexactinellida]
The openings in the meshwork of 6-rayed spicules are called ______. Projecting from the surface of the sponge are feather- duster like spicules called ______. The root spicules attached the sponge to the substratum.

A

Parietal gaps
Floricomes

57
Q

[Class Hexactinellida]
Suspended between the spicules is a ______:
- consists of many fused amoebocyte pseudopods
has multiple nuclei forms chamber that opens to the
spongocoel largest continuous syncytium known in the _____

A

Coenocytic syncytium
Metazoa

58
Q

What class of Porifera:
- Massive or encrusting leuconoid/ sylleibid
- Little variation in spicules
- Phylogenetically distinct from the demospongiae

A

Homoscleromorpha

59
Q

What class: Skeleton absent or of siliceous spicules without an axial filament

A

Homoscleromorpha

60
Q

What class of Porifera: Spicules not with 6 rays and Spongin network often present

A

Demospongia

61
Q

What class of Porifera: Spicules with 6 rays and ____

A

Hexactinellida
Syncytial trabecular reticulum

62
Q

Class Demospongia:
The greenish- hue of this sponge is due to the presence of symbiotic algae. It is found in freshwater, often growing on sticks, rocks or even plants.
- The oscula are large and smaller ostia are scattered throughout the body surface.

A

Spongilla

63
Q

The body of spongilla is embedded with _____

A

Siliceous monaxon spicules

64
Q

2 order of Class 1. Calcarea

  1. Asconoid sponges with cylindrical and
    radially symmetrical bodies. Body wall thin, not folded. Choanocytes line the Spongocoel. Often conical.
  2. Syconoid and leuconoid sponges havingavaselike body. The body wall is thick, folded. Choanocyteslinethe flagellated chambers (radial canals)only. Spongocoel is a line by flattenedendodermcells. Solitary or conical
A

Order 1. Homocoela (=Asconosa)
- example: Leucosolenia, Clathrina

Order 2. Heterocoela (=Syconosa)
- example: Sycon or Scypha, Grantia

65
Q

The skeleton of Hexactinellida is of _____ which are triaxon with 6 rays. In some, the spicules are fused to form a _____

A

siliceous spicules (silicate spicules)

lattice-like skeleton

66
Q

Hexactinellida has no ____

A

epidermal epithelium

67
Q

Hexactinellida:
____ line finger-shaped chambers

A

Choanocytes

68
Q

Canal system of the Porifera Classes

A

Demospongiae:Leuconoid
Hexactinellida: Leuconoid (Some are Syconoid)
Homoscleromorpha: Leuconoid or Sylleibid (Transitions between syconoid and leuconoid conditions)
Calcarea: Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid (All)

69
Q

Hexactinellida C;ass Orders

1.Spicules are hexasters i.e. star-like in
shape with axes branching into rays at
their ends. * Flagellated chambers regularly and
radially arranged. * Usually attached to substratum directly. * Examples: Euplectella (Venus’ flower
basket)

2.Spicules are amphidiscs i.e. withaconvex disc, bearing backwardlydirected marginal teethat bothends.* Flagellated chambers areslightlydifferent fromthe typical type. * Attached to the substratumbyroottufts. * Examples: Hyalonema, Pheronema.

A
  1. Hexasterophora
  2. Amphidiscophora
70
Q

Demospongiae Subclass 1 and 2 and its Orders

A

Subclass I. Tetractinellida
Order 1. Myxospongida
Order 2. Carnosa
Order 3. Choristida

Subclass II. Monaxonida
Order 1. Hadromerina
Order 2. Halichondrina
Order 3. Poecilosclerina
Order 4. Haplosclerida

71
Q

Porocytes

• In Syconoid sponge, porocytes connect the ____ with _____
• Through their intracellular channels, the ____
• The openings of incurrent canals into outside are called ____ and the openings of radial canals into spongocoel are called _______

A

incurrent canals

radial canals
prosopyles

dermal ostia
apopyles or internal ostia.

BDV101 (3 decks)

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