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Bio 118 > Phylogeny > Flashcards

Phylogeny Flashcards

1
Q

Shared characteristics:
Hexapoda

A
  • three-part body plan
  • three pairs of legs
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2
Q

T or F:
Apterygotes are all insects

A

True

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3
Q

Shared characteristics:
Entognatha

A
  • mouthparts withdrawn in head capsule, forming gnathal pouch
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4
Q

The apterygote insects are formerly called the ________.

A

Thysanura

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5
Q

Shared characteristics:
Apterygota

A
  • ametabolous
  • wingless
  • continuous molting
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6
Q

T or F:
Zygentoma and Archaeognatha are sister groups

A

False

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7
Q

Differentiate bristletails and silverfish.

A

Archaeognatha has hypognathous mouthparts and Zygentoma has hypognathous to slightly prognathous.

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8
Q

Shared characteristics:
Infraclass Pterygota

A
  • winged insects (some exceptions)
  • thoracic segments of adults large with meso and metathorax forming pterothorax (for bearing wings)
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9
Q

Two divisions under Pterygota

A

Palaeoptera and Neoptera

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10
Q

Shared characteristics:
Palaeoptera

A
  • wings cannot be folded against the body at rest
  • wing articulation with thorax is via axillary plates fused with vein
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11
Q

Shared characteristics:
Neoptera

A

wings capable of being folded back against
their abdomen when at rest

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12
Q

Orders under Palaeoptera

A

Ephemeroptera and Odonata

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13
Q

Shared characteristics:
Ephemeroptera

A

non-functional adult mouthparts

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14
Q

Shared characteristics:
Odonata

A

immature stages have highly modified prehensile labium for catching prey

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15
Q

Differentiate the suborders under Ephemeroptera

A

Schistonota - nymphal forewing pads separate
Pannota - fused forewing pads

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16
Q

Differentiate the suborders under adult Odonata

A

Zygoptera - head wider than thorax; equal wings
Anisoptera - head not wider than thorax; hind wings wider at the base

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17
Q

Differentiate the nymphal characteristics between the suborders of Odonata

A

Zygoptera - 3 elongate platelike/saclike anal gills
Anisoptera - 5 pointed anal appendage + internal rectal gill

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18
Q

Subdivisions under Division Neoptera

A
  • Polyneoptera (Orthopteroid-plecopteroid)
  • Paraneoptera
  • Endopterygota (Holometabola)
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19
Q

Under division Neoptera, which subdivision is sister to the rest?

A

Polyneoptera is sister to Paraneoptera+Endopteryogta (sister group)

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20
Q

Shared characteristics:
Polyneoptera

A
  • expanded anal area in hind wing (few excep.)
  • tarsal euplantulae
21
Q

Orders under Polyneoptera:

A
  • Zoraptera
  • Dermaptera
  • Plecoptera
  • Orthoptera
  • Mantophasmatodea
  • Grylloblatodea
  • Phasmatodea
  • Embioptera
  • Blattodea
  • Mantodea
22
Q

What is the earliest diverging polyneopteran order?

A

Zoraptera

23
Q

Clades formed under Polyneoptera

A
  • Dermoplecopterida
  • Mecynoptera (Notoptera +Eukinolabia)
  • Dictyoptera
24
Q

Orthoptera is sister to other polyneopteran orders except?

A

Zoraptera, Dermaptera and Plecoptera

25
Q

Clades under Mecynoptera

A

Notoptera and Eukinolabia

26
Q

Shared characteristics:
Notoptera

A

“back” + “wings”; they are wingless

27
Q

Shared characteristics:
Eukinolabia

A

unique musculature of the paraglossae

28
Q

Shared characteristics:
Dictyoptera

A
  • perforation in the tentorium
  • eggs encased in ootheca
29
Q

Species that is known to be the closest to basal termites

A

Cryptocercus punculatus (Family Cryptocercidae)

30
Q

They are also called the Hemipteroid assemblage.

A

sD Paraneoptera

31
Q

Shared characteristics:
Paraneoptera

A
  • elongate maxillary lacinia separated from the stipes
  • swollen postclypeus containing an enlarged cibarium
  • reduction in tarsomere number to three or fewer, Malpighian tubules to four and abdominal
    ganglia to a single complex
32
Q

Suborders under Hemiptera

A
  • Heteroptera (true bugs)
  • Stenorrhyncha (aphids, scales)
  • Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leaf/treehoppers)
33
Q

Other term for Endopterygota

A

Holometabola

34
Q

Shared characteristics:
Endopterygota

A
  • holometabolous
  • “resting stage” pupa is non-feeding
35
Q

This order is sister to the rest of Endopterygota

A

Hymenoptera

36
Q

Group under Endopterygota that excludes Hymenoptera

A

Aparaglossata

37
Q

Shared characteristics:
Aparaglossata

A

paraglossae vestigial or absent, without muscles

38
Q

Clades immediately under Aparaglossata

A
  • Neuropteroidea
  • Mecopterida
39
Q

Shared characteristics:
Neuropteroidea

A
  • adult head prognathous or slightly inclined
40
Q

Shared characteristics:
Mecopterida

A
  • larval Musculus craniodististipitalis present
41
Q

Clades immediately under Neuropteroidea

A
  • SO Coleopterida
  • SO Neuropterida
42
Q

Shared characteristics:
Superorder Coleopterida

A
  • metathorax enlarged
  • hindwings used as flight organs (posteromotorism)
43
Q

What is the basal order among Coleopterida?

A

Strepsiptera

44
Q

Shared characteristics:
Superorder Neuropterida

A
  • mostly predators
  • prothorax larger than the other two which are equal
  • fore and hindwings similar in shape and venation
  • folded wings extended beyond abdomen
45
Q

What is the outgroup among orders in Neuropterida?

A

Raphidioptera

46
Q

Clades immediately under Mecopterida

A
  • Amphiesmenoptera
  • Antliophora
47
Q

Shared characteristics:
Amphiesmenoptera

A
  • adult prelabium fused with hypopharynx
  • pronotum with paired setose “warts”
  • wings with extensive covering of setae
  • anal veins of the forewing apparently
    looping up into a double-Y configuration
  • shared ability of larvae to spin silk from
    modified salivary glands
48
Q

T or F:
Butterflies became diurnal to escape their predators, bats.

A

False. They became diurnal BEFORE the diversification of bat crown group. They became diurnal to capitalize on day-blooming flowers.

Bio 118 (3 decks)

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