Phylogeny Flashcards
Shared characteristics:
Hexapoda
- three-part body plan
- three pairs of legs
T or F:
Apterygotes are all insects
True
Shared characteristics:
Entognatha
- mouthparts withdrawn in head capsule, forming gnathal pouch
The apterygote insects are formerly called the ________.
Thysanura
Shared characteristics:
Apterygota
- ametabolous
- wingless
- continuous molting
T or F:
Zygentoma and Archaeognatha are sister groups
False
Differentiate bristletails and silverfish.
Archaeognatha has hypognathous mouthparts and Zygentoma has hypognathous to slightly prognathous.
Shared characteristics:
Infraclass Pterygota
- winged insects (some exceptions)
- thoracic segments of adults large with meso and metathorax forming pterothorax (for bearing wings)
Two divisions under Pterygota
Palaeoptera and Neoptera
Shared characteristics:
Palaeoptera
- wings cannot be folded against the body at rest
- wing articulation with thorax is via axillary plates fused with vein
Shared characteristics:
Neoptera
wings capable of being folded back against
their abdomen when at rest
Orders under Palaeoptera
Ephemeroptera and Odonata
Shared characteristics:
Ephemeroptera
non-functional adult mouthparts
Shared characteristics:
Odonata
immature stages have highly modified prehensile labium for catching prey
Differentiate the suborders under Ephemeroptera
Schistonota - nymphal forewing pads separate
Pannota - fused forewing pads
Differentiate the suborders under adult Odonata
Zygoptera - head wider than thorax; equal wings
Anisoptera - head not wider than thorax; hind wings wider at the base
Differentiate the nymphal characteristics between the suborders of Odonata
Zygoptera - 3 elongate platelike/saclike anal gills
Anisoptera - 5 pointed anal appendage + internal rectal gill
Subdivisions under Division Neoptera
- Polyneoptera (Orthopteroid-plecopteroid)
- Paraneoptera
- Endopterygota (Holometabola)
Under division Neoptera, which subdivision is sister to the rest?
Polyneoptera is sister to Paraneoptera+Endopteryogta (sister group)
Shared characteristics:
Polyneoptera
- expanded anal area in hind wing (few excep.)
- tarsal euplantulae
Orders under Polyneoptera:
- Zoraptera
- Dermaptera
- Plecoptera
- Orthoptera
- Mantophasmatodea
- Grylloblatodea
- Phasmatodea
- Embioptera
- Blattodea
- Mantodea
What is the earliest diverging polyneopteran order?
Zoraptera
Clades formed under Polyneoptera
- Dermoplecopterida
- Mecynoptera (Notoptera +Eukinolabia)
- Dictyoptera
Orthoptera is sister to other polyneopteran orders except?
Zoraptera, Dermaptera and Plecoptera
Clades under Mecynoptera
Notoptera and Eukinolabia
Shared characteristics:
Notoptera
“back” + “wings”; they are wingless
Shared characteristics:
Eukinolabia
unique musculature of the paraglossae
Shared characteristics:
Dictyoptera
- perforation in the tentorium
- eggs encased in ootheca
Species that is known to be the closest to basal termites
Cryptocercus punculatus (Family Cryptocercidae)
They are also called the Hemipteroid assemblage.
sD Paraneoptera
Shared characteristics:
Paraneoptera
- elongate maxillary lacinia separated from the stipes
- swollen postclypeus containing an enlarged cibarium
- reduction in tarsomere number to three or fewer, Malpighian tubules to four and abdominal
ganglia to a single complex
Suborders under Hemiptera
- Heteroptera (true bugs)
- Stenorrhyncha (aphids, scales)
- Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leaf/treehoppers)
Other term for Endopterygota
Holometabola
Shared characteristics:
Endopterygota
- holometabolous
- “resting stage” pupa is non-feeding
This order is sister to the rest of Endopterygota
Hymenoptera
Group under Endopterygota that excludes Hymenoptera
Aparaglossata
Shared characteristics:
Aparaglossata
paraglossae vestigial or absent, without muscles
Clades immediately under Aparaglossata
- Neuropteroidea
- Mecopterida
Shared characteristics:
Neuropteroidea
- adult head prognathous or slightly inclined
Shared characteristics:
Mecopterida
- larval Musculus craniodististipitalis present
Clades immediately under Neuropteroidea
- SO Coleopterida
- SO Neuropterida
Shared characteristics:
Superorder Coleopterida
- metathorax enlarged
- hindwings used as flight organs (posteromotorism)
What is the basal order among Coleopterida?
Strepsiptera
Shared characteristics:
Superorder Neuropterida
- mostly predators
- prothorax larger than the other two which are equal
- fore and hindwings similar in shape and venation
- folded wings extended beyond abdomen
What is the outgroup among orders in Neuropterida?
Raphidioptera
Clades immediately under Mecopterida
- Amphiesmenoptera
- Antliophora
Shared characteristics:
Amphiesmenoptera
- adult prelabium fused with hypopharynx
- pronotum with paired setose “warts”
- wings with extensive covering of setae
- anal veins of the forewing apparently
looping up into a double-Y configuration - shared ability of larvae to spin silk from
modified salivary glands
T or F:
Butterflies became diurnal to escape their predators, bats.
False. They became diurnal BEFORE the diversification of bat crown group. They became diurnal to capitalize on day-blooming flowers.
