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Phylogeny Flashcards

1
Q

Shared characteristics:
Hexapoda

A
  • three-part body plan
  • three pairs of legs
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2
Q

T or F:
Apterygotes are all insects

A

True

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3
Q

Shared characteristics:
Entognatha

A
  • mouthparts withdrawn in head capsule, forming gnathal pouch
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4
Q

The apterygote insects are formerly called the ________.

A

Thysanura

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5
Q

Shared characteristics:
Apterygota

A
  • ametabolous
  • wingless
  • continuous molting
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6
Q

T or F:
Zygentoma and Archaeognatha are sister groups

A

False

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7
Q

Differentiate bristletails and silverfish.

A

Archaeognatha has hypognathous mouthparts and Zygentoma has hypognathous to slightly prognathous.

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8
Q

Shared characteristics:
Infraclass Pterygota

A
  • winged insects (some exceptions)
  • thoracic segments of adults large with meso and metathorax forming pterothorax (for bearing wings)
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9
Q

Two divisions under Pterygota

A

Palaeoptera and Neoptera

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10
Q

Shared characteristics:
Palaeoptera

A
  • wings cannot be folded against the body at rest
  • wing articulation with thorax is via axillary plates fused with vein
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11
Q

Shared characteristics:
Neoptera

A

wings capable of being folded back against
their abdomen when at rest

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12
Q

Orders under Palaeoptera

A

Ephemeroptera and Odonata

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13
Q

Shared characteristics:
Ephemeroptera

A

non-functional adult mouthparts

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14
Q

Shared characteristics:
Odonata

A

immature stages have highly modified prehensile labium for catching prey

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15
Q

Differentiate the suborders under Ephemeroptera

A

Schistonota - nymphal forewing pads separate
Pannota - fused forewing pads

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16
Q

Differentiate the suborders under adult Odonata

A

Zygoptera - head wider than thorax; equal wings
Anisoptera - head not wider than thorax; hind wings wider at the base

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17
Q

Differentiate the nymphal characteristics between the suborders of Odonata

A

Zygoptera - 3 elongate platelike/saclike anal gills
Anisoptera - 5 pointed anal appendage + internal rectal gill

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18
Q

Subdivisions under Division Neoptera

A
  • Polyneoptera (Orthopteroid-plecopteroid)
  • Paraneoptera
  • Endopterygota (Holometabola)
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19
Q

Under division Neoptera, which subdivision is sister to the rest?

A

Polyneoptera is sister to Paraneoptera+Endopteryogta (sister group)

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20
Q

Shared characteristics:
Polyneoptera

A
  • expanded anal area in hind wing (few excep.)
  • tarsal euplantulae
21
Q

Orders under Polyneoptera:

A
  • Zoraptera
  • Dermaptera
  • Plecoptera
  • Orthoptera
  • Mantophasmatodea
  • Grylloblatodea
  • Phasmatodea
  • Embioptera
  • Blattodea
  • Mantodea
22
Q

What is the earliest diverging polyneopteran order?

23
Q

Clades formed under Polyneoptera

A
  • Dermoplecopterida
  • Mecynoptera (Notoptera +Eukinolabia)
  • Dictyoptera
24
Q

Orthoptera is sister to other polyneopteran orders except?

A

Zoraptera, Dermaptera and Plecoptera

25
Clades under Mecynoptera
Notoptera and Eukinolabia
26
Shared characteristics: Notoptera
"back" + "wings"; they are wingless
27
Shared characteristics: Eukinolabia
unique musculature of the paraglossae
28
Shared characteristics: Dictyoptera
- perforation in the tentorium - eggs encased in ootheca
29
Species that is known to be the closest to basal termites
Cryptocercus punculatus (Family Cryptocercidae)
30
They are also called the Hemipteroid assemblage.
sD Paraneoptera
31
Shared characteristics: Paraneoptera
- elongate maxillary lacinia separated from the stipes - swollen postclypeus containing an enlarged cibarium - reduction in tarsomere number to three or fewer, Malpighian tubules to four and abdominal ganglia to a single complex
32
Suborders under Hemiptera
- Heteroptera (true bugs) - Stenorrhyncha (aphids, scales) - Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leaf/treehoppers)
33
Other term for Endopterygota
Holometabola
34
Shared characteristics: Endopterygota
- holometabolous - "resting stage" pupa is non-feeding
35
This order is sister to the rest of Endopterygota
Hymenoptera
36
Group under Endopterygota that excludes Hymenoptera
Aparaglossata
37
Shared characteristics: Aparaglossata
paraglossae vestigial or absent, without muscles
38
Clades immediately under Aparaglossata
- Neuropteroidea - Mecopterida
39
Shared characteristics: Neuropteroidea
- adult head prognathous or slightly inclined
40
Shared characteristics: Mecopterida
- larval Musculus craniodististipitalis present
41
Clades immediately under Neuropteroidea
- SO Coleopterida - SO Neuropterida
42
Shared characteristics: Superorder Coleopterida
- metathorax enlarged - hindwings used as flight organs (posteromotorism)
43
What is the basal order among Coleopterida?
Strepsiptera
44
Shared characteristics: Superorder Neuropterida
- mostly predators - prothorax larger than the other two which are equal - fore and hindwings similar in shape and venation - folded wings extended beyond abdomen
45
What is the outgroup among orders in Neuropterida?
Raphidioptera
46
Clades immediately under Mecopterida
- Amphiesmenoptera - Antliophora
47
Shared characteristics: Amphiesmenoptera
- adult prelabium fused with hypopharynx - pronotum with paired setose “warts" - wings with extensive covering of setae - anal veins of the forewing apparently looping up into a double-Y configuration - shared ability of larvae to spin silk from modified salivary glands
48
T or F: Butterflies became diurnal to escape their predators, bats.
False. They became diurnal BEFORE the diversification of bat crown group. They became diurnal to capitalize on day-blooming flowers.

Bio 118 (3 decks)

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