Phylogenetic Flashcards
What is a Root
The oldest Common Ancestor
What is the Node?
Where Species brand off from a common ancestor
Sister Taxas
The most closest related ex: (A & B, E To A, B, C, D)
What is Monophyletic?
Common Ancestor and all of the descendants, this can be determined by the number of nodes. Any group from any node
What is Paraphyletic?
Includes Some but not all descendants of a common ancestor. (A taxa not included even though it is attached to a node)
What is Polyphyletic?
Don’t share a recent common ancestor but rather an older one
What is Adaptation?
A trait that makes an organism more suited to its environment
Parsimony
With the least evolution so that means the most likely phylogeny
What is Natural Selection?
The process in which organisms better adapt to their environment and are able to survive and reproduce better(leads to evolution, and is not based on need)
What is Extinction?
Occurs when a species is unable to adapt quickly to its environment(process of elimination)
What is stabilized selection?
Population stabilizes a particular trait, one trait is favored instead of two extreme traits (ex: Common weight at birth)
What is directional selection?
an extreme (characteristics or traits) is favored over other phenotypes and this causes the allele frequency (how often the variant of a gene shows up in a population) (ex: Both short and long necks in giraffes but the long necks won to reach higher trees
What is disruptive selection?
Both extreme traits are favored over a regular stabilized trait (ex: Extremely long or short is favored over medium)
What is convergent evolution?(Analogus Traits)
Organisms that are not closely related have similar features or traits (ex: Wings on bats vs birds)
What are Homologues Traits?
What are Anthropods?
Invertebrates with jointed legs. Often insects, spiders or centipedes, arachnids. Invertebrates don’t have backbones.
What are the characteristics of an anthropod?
- Exoskeletons- A hard outerlayer that protects the soft tissues
- Segments-One pair of legs per segment
What is a Millipdes?
An invertebrate that has 12 pairs of legs
Head distinct with antennae
Has 2 pair of legs per segment
What is a centipede?
A centipede is an invertebrate with 1 pair of legs per segment
What are an Arachnids?
An invertebrate with two body parts and 8 legs
What are scorpions?
Scorpions are invertebrates with venomous curved tails
What is an insect?
Insects are invertebrates with 3 body parts(head, thorax, abdomen)
6 legs
1 pair of antennas and some wings
What is a spider?
A spider is an invertebrate with venomous fangs.
What is complete Metamorphosis?
Metamorphosis is the change through life 4 life stages
egg, larva, pupa and adult
What is incomplete Metamorphosis?
Only goes through three or less stages of life cycle
Egg, nymph(small adult insect), Adult
Examples of INC Meta?
Dragonflies
Circadas
Silverfish
Examples of COMP Meta?
Butterflies
Bees
Ants
Beetles
What is Direct Metamorphosis?
Direct Metamorphosis is less than 2 life stages in which the insect grows bigger but does not transform
Egg. adult
Examples of Direct Metamorphosis
Mayflies
What is an anamorphy?
An anamorphy are derived traits that are unique to a group( higher up traits that the common ancestor does not have) ,
What is a synamorphhy?
Synamorphies are anamorphies that traits are shared between two or more groups
What are plesiomorphy/Primitves?
Plesiomorphy is a characteristic that is present at the begining of the tree( oldest common ancestor)
What is cladistics?
Cladistics is the classification of organisms into groups based on their traits from ancestors.
What is synamorphy?
What are characters?
Characteristics that define a group
