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marine invert > Phyla Study Guide > Flashcards

Phyla Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Synapomorphies of Hemichordata

A

Stomochord - flexible, hollow tube (possible homologue to nerve chord)
No brain or prospects (nerve net and longitudinal nerves)
3 distinct segments - anterior prosome (proboscis)
intermediate collar (dorsal neural tube, nerve network)
posterior trunk (digestive tract, gonads, stalk, gill slits)

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2
Q

What is the Enteropneust larval form called? (Hemichordata)

A

Tornaria larva

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3
Q

What is the function of the Hemichordata proboscis?

A

it’s muscular and ciliated, making it the primary contributor of movement, but also helps in collection and transportation of food particles and burrowing

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4
Q

What makes nematodes pseudocoelomates?

A

they have a false coelom, and their endoderm is disconnected from their mesoderm

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5
Q

What is a stylet and how is it used in nematodes?

A

a hollow feeding structure inserted into prey (plant or animal) to suck nutrients out or inject digestive enzymes. used by parasitic organisms

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6
Q

How do nematodes acquire and digest their food?

A

food enters through the mouth and goes through Peristalsis, where the mesoderm (muscular layer) contracts and squeezes the endoderm, pushing food through the digestive tract

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7
Q

How do xenacoelomorphs move?

A

They have fully ciliated bodies that aid in locomotion

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8
Q

How do xenacoelomorphs reproduce?

A

They are hermaphrodites that are capable of sexual or asexual reproduction. They can brood or encapsulate their eggs. Direct development, regeneration.

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9
Q

How do acoels from xenacoelomorpha feed?

A

can use eversible pharynx, those without a pharynx form a sphincter around the mouth using muscle fibers. they have a syncitial gut. larger prey are coated in mucus and slowly moved towards the mouth via epidermal cilia

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10
Q

how do nemertodermatids from xenacoelomorpha feed?

A

they use a cone of gut tissues to function as a tongue and grab food, some even have an eversible proboscis called the “broom organ”, and they have a well-defined lumen rather than a syncitial gut

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11
Q

how do xenoturbellids from xenacoelomorpha feed?

A

they open their mouth and protrude their unciliated foregut

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12
Q

synapomorphies of xenacoelomorpha

A

bilateral symmetry, acoelomate body plan, xenacoelomorphan ciliated epidermis, midventral mouth, incomplete digestive system without an anus, direct development

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13
Q

What xenacoelomorphan species can fully regenerate and what class are they from?

A

symsagittifera roscoffensis (mint-sauce worm), acoela

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14
Q

What genus is parasitic in holothuroid guts?

A

Meara stichopi

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15
Q

synapomorphies of sipuncula

A

unsegmented coelomates, soft-bodied (separated by sac-like trunk and retractable introvert, introvert bears a mouth with an array of tentacles at distal end), pair of nephridia (maintain osmoregulation and have reproductive uses), unpaired nerve cord

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16
Q

how do sipuncula feed?

A

mostly deposit feeders, use tentacles to eat food particles from sediment, those on hard surfaces use introvert hooks to scrape off sediment

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17
Q

how do sipuncula reproduce?

A

most are dioecious (separate male and female reproductive organs), gonads release gametes into the coelom where they mature before being released into the water column by nephridium

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the nephridium in sipuncula?

A

maintains osmoregulation and releases fully developed gametes into the water column

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19
Q

What are the larval forms of peanut worms?

A

pelagosphera and trochophore

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20
Q

What is the nuchal organ in sipuncula and what is it used for?

A

a ciliated pit structure used for light and food detection as well as finding mates (found in class phascolosomatidea)

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21
Q

what genus of peanut worms are suspension feeders?

A

themiste

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22
Q

what are the 2 classes of sipuncula and what are the main differences?

A

sipunculoidea and phascolosomatidea, sipunculoidea doesn’t have a nuchal organ

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23
Q

synapomorphies of phoronida

A

3 body parts each with coelomic cavity (epistome - overhang on mouth, mesosome - lophophore and regenerative mass of specialized tentacles used for feeding and respiration, metasome - trunk), lophophore, no valves, ampulla (bulbous mass at end of trunk), nerve ring, bilateral symmetry, closed circulatory system

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24
Q

how do phoronids feed?

A

ciliated tentacles move water towards the oral ring with food particles trapped in mucus. once it reaches the mouth food is drawn in and moved to the digestive tract

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25
Q

how do phoronids reproduce?

A

sexual reproduction, mostly hermaphroditic, eggs or larva brooded in body cavity until secreted,

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26
Q

What are the 2 different types of reproduction in horseshoe worms?

A

phoronis ovalis lay only a few eggs with lots of yolk that are brooded until secreted, the larva do not feed, the larva sink to the ocean floor and then permanently attach to a substrate where they develop into an adult
phoronis australis lay a large number of small eggs that are released directly after fertilization and hatch into actinotrocha larva, they sink to the ocean floor, develop into a benthic adult, and attach to a substrate

27
Q

What do horseshoe worms use the lophophore for?

A

the lophophore is a u-shaped organ used for feeding

28
Q

What differentiates phoronopsis from phoronis?

A

phoronopsis has a collar fold under the lophophore

29
Q

mucous house in appendicularia

A

series of filters, chambers, channels, funnels, and valves that protects the animal and keeps it afloat

30
Q

how do appendicularians reproduce?

A

sexual reproduction, mostly hermaphrodites (minus oikopleuradioica), release sperm, eggs burst out of body wall

31
Q

how do appendicularians move?

A

the tail generates undulations to pump water through the tail chamber

32
Q

what is the most well-known family in class appendicularia?

A

oikopleuridae

33
Q

what is the house used for in appendicularia?

A

protects the animal and keeps it afloat

34
Q

what are the synapomorphies in appendiculara?

A

gill slits, tubular nerve cord, rod-like notochord, and a post-anal tail

35
Q

What is an easy way to tell the difference between a branchiopod and a bivalve?

A

branchiopods have bilateral symmetry

36
Q

What is the primary structure used for feeding?

A

lophophore, feeding filter with cilia in the filaments that draw in water currents to provide food

37
Q

What is the most common subphylum of branchiopoda?

A

linguliformea

38
Q

what are the larval forms of branchiopods?

A

rhynchonelliformea, craniiform, linguliform

39
Q

What are the synapomorphies of chaetognatha?

A

bilateral symmetry, retractable chitinous jaws, multilayered epithelium on body, cephalic hoods, retrocerebral organ (organ above and behind the brain), ciliary loop, no lungs

40
Q

How do arrow worms feed?

A

ambush feeders that sense water movement to detect prey before grabbing pray using grapsing hooks

41
Q

How does chaetognatha reproduce?

A

hermaphroditic, direct development, internal fertilization

42
Q

What technological advances are being used to re-define classification of chaetognatha?

A

genetic testing and examination is being done

43
Q

Synapomorphies of nemerteans

A

proboscis, rynchocoel (tubular cavity that holds the proboscis), ganglion

44
Q

What makes malacobdella grossa different from other nemerteans?

A

they have a commensal relationship with mollusks

45
Q

How does class anopla differ from class enopla in nemerteans?

A

anopla has separate mouth and proboscis openings and enopla has a single opening for both

46
Q

what are the larval forms in nemertea?

A

planuliform and pilidium

47
Q

5 synapomorphies of thaliacea

A

notochord (flexible supporting rod with muscle attachment), dorsal hollow nerve cord (nerve chord that runs along dorsal surface), endostyle or thyroid (mucus-covered structure in the pharynx used for filter feeding), pharyngeal slits (openings into pharynx for filter feeding), post-anal tail (tail that extends beyond the atrail/anal opening)

48
Q

how does thaliacea feed?

A

non selective and filter feeding (pump water through body, in through mouth and out through atrium opening)

49
Q

how does thaliacea reproduce?

A

asexual reproduction, budding occurs from the endostyle stolon

50
Q

what phylum does Pyrostremma Spinosum belong?

A

thaliacea

51
Q

What is the difference between the notochord and the dorsal hollow nerve chord in thaliacea?

A

notochord is lost in adults while the dorsal hollow nerve chord can be seen in adults

52
Q

what does non-selective feeding mean?

A

eat anything they can find

53
Q

what are the feeding differences between the two classes of priapulids?

A

secticoronaria uses anterior scalids to form 2 tentacles and create a feeding trap
priapulida has no tentacles but a fully retractable proboscis

54
Q

what are the synapomorphies of priapulida?

A

3 part body (introvert proboscis, trunk, caudal appendage), chitinous cuticle, bilateral symmetry

55
Q

what is the dominant larval stage in priapulids?

A

loricate

56
Q

what are the two parts of bryozoa structure?

A

cystid - outer casing
polypide - comprised of the lophophore and viscera

57
Q

name 2 different means of reproduction in bryozoa

A

budding and fragmentation

58
Q

how does the lophophore in Phylactolaemata differ from the other 2 classes in bryozoans?

A

they have a u-shaped lophophore

59
Q

what is the function of the communication pore in bryozoans?

A

allows zooids to share nutrients and transmit chemical signals

60
Q

synapomorphies of entoprocta

A

stalks, calyx, anus

61
Q

how do entoprocta feed?

A

filter feeders, crown of ciliated tentacles creates a water current to draw food particles towards lophophore

62
Q

platyhelminthes synapomorphies

A

acoelomates, bilateral symmetry, unsegmented and triploblastic, blind gut

63
Q

how do platyhelminthes feed?

A

have intracellular and extracellular digestion, non parasitic organisms have an oral sucker around the mouth for feeding, those without a mouth absorb nutrients, herbivores can have a simple ciliated pore as a mouth while carnivores may have a pharynx

64
Q

how do platyhelminthes reproduce?

A

hermaphroditic internal fertilization

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