Phycology Terms Flashcards
Operant conditioning
Learning from the consequences of actions
Positive reinforcement
Receiving something pleasant for a behavior so we repeat it
Negative reinforcement
The avoidance of something unpleasant so we repeat it
Primary reinforcers
These satisfy our basic needs e.g water food and shelter
Secondary reinforcers
They have no survival value but we have linked them with value e.g money and credit cards
Social learning theory
Behavior is learned through observing and imitating role models
Retention
Able to recall the modeled behavior
Modeling
Learning new behavior through observing, retaking and reproducing the behavior of a role model
Reproduction
An ability to reproduce the behavior
Observational learning
Learning new behavior through watching and imitating and role model
Motivation
This increases the likelihood of imitating the modeled behavior
Role model
A person we admire or whom we share similar characteristics
Identification
This occurs in the “Social learning theory” this is when the learner replicates the behavior and or internalizes it
Vicarious reinforcement
Motivation to model the behaviors of others who we see being rewarded for that behavior
Extraversion
Behavior that is outgoing, sensation seeking and sociable
Introversion
Behavior that is reserved, calm and quiet
Neuroticism
Behavior tat is easily agitated, anxious and worrisome
Phychoticism
Behavior that lacks empathy, is antisocial and aggressive
Recidivism
When a criminal have been punished for their crime however repeat doing a crime
Rehabilitative
A program designed to help offenders rather than punish them
Humanitarian
A concern with the welfare of humans
Community sentencing
As a punishment, offenders help in community service like painting walls or picking up trash
Curfew
Having to be at home during certain times like before 5pm
Restorative Justice
When the criminal and victim get together to talk in order to see each other’s view’s on the situation. This helps the victim heal and the offender to understand the pain they had conflicted onto the person
Token economy programme
In a prison when a prisoner performs a good task, they receive a token, once collecting a certain number of tokens they can exchange this for privileges such as food and having family visit.
Demand characteristics
When the behavior of the participant changes due to believe it that is they way they should behave in the experiment.
Brain
The organ in your head that have nerves and processes behavior
Forebrain
The anterior part of the brain including the hemispheres and the central brain system
Midbrain
The middle part of the brain forming part of the central nervous system
Hindbrain
The lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pins and the medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
Connects the upper brain to the spinal chord and controls automatic responses
Cerebellum
Controls motor movement
Involuntary response
An response to a stimuli whiteout someone making a conscious choice. Such as reflexes
Neural connections
Connections made from messages being passed on from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.
Cognitive
Thinking, including problem solving, perceiving, remembering, unsung language and reasoning.
Operations
How we reason and think about things
Object permanence
At around 6 months children develop this. Knowing something still exists even when out of sight
Symbolic play
Pre-operational stage / symbolic function stage 2-4 years. Children play with objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas
Egocentrism
This is found in children in the symbolic function stage. They are unable to understand that people have different veins of a situation
Animism
found in the symbolic function stage. When children believe that objects have lives
Centration
Intuitive thought stage. When you only focus on one feature of a situation ignoring other important features
Irreversibility
Found in children in the intuitive thought stage (4-7years ) Unable to understand that things can be reversed into its original state
Morality
General principles about what is right and wrong including bad and good behavior.
Schema
Mental representations of the world formed from ones experiences
Adaptation
Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world
Assimilation
Incorporating new ideas into an existing schema
Accommodation
Having to change ones schema to make sense of a new experience
Equilibrium
When a child can make sense of everything that they have experienced. A state of mental balance.
Subjective
Based on ones personal feelings and opinions
Validity
When the results of a study represents the situation that they are testing
Mindset
A set of beliefs that someone has that guides how someone responds to a situation
Fixed mindset
The belief that your ability’s are fixed and unchangeable
Growth Mindset
The belief that through work and practice ones ability’s will improve
Short term memory
Our initial memory store that is limited and temporary
Rehearse
Repeating information so that it sticks
Long term memory
A memory store that is limitless and can last up to a lifetime
Motor skills
Actions that involve muscles and brain processes that results to a movement
Decentration
Being able to take the view of another person
Social learning
Learning through observing and copying others
Self regulation
Being able to control yourself without the influence of others
Nature
Explanation of behavior that focuses on the things that we are born with
Nurture
An explanation of behavior that focuses on the things that has happened to us
Qualitative data
Data that is described such as words or pictures
Reliability
Outcome of a study is consistent
Framework
Basic understanding of facts and ideas when making decisions
Person praise
Praising the person not the work done
Process praise
Praising the effort done
Entity theory / motivational framework
The theory that behavior and ability is what your are born with
Incremental theory
The theory that ability and behavior is through effort
Ecological validity
To what extent the findings of the study explains behaviors in real life situations
