PhyChem 3 Midterm Exam

Question 1

In a vacuum, electromagnetic travels in a _____ in waves.

Answer 1

Speed of light

Question 2

Name the 3 properties of a wave.

Answer 2

1. Frequency
2. Wavelength
3. Amplitude

Question 3

It is the height of a wave

Answer 3

Amplitude

Question 4

Any region of the ________ includes a range of wavelengths.

Answer 4

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 5

the light emitted by hot objects

Answer 5

black body radiation

Question 6

the flow of current when light strikes a metal

Answer 6

the photoelectric effect

Question 7

the specific colors emitted from a substance that is excited. —can only be explained if energy consists of “packets” (quanta) that occur in, and thus change by, fixed amounts. The energy of a quantum is related to its frequency.

Answer 7

atomic spectra

Question 8

According to the _________, an atomic spectrum consists of separate lines because an atom has certain energy levels (states) that correspond to electrons in orbits around the nucleus

Answer 8

Bohr model

Question 8

The _________ of the atom changes when the electron
moves from one orbit to another as the atom absorbs (or emits) light of a specific
frequency.

Answer 8

energy

Question 9

_____________ means that matter has wave like properties and energy has particle like properties

Answer 9

Wave-particle duality

Question 10

These properties are observable only on the atomic scale, and because of them, we
can never simultaneously know the position and speed of an electron in an atom

Answer 10

wave properties of matter and particle properties of energy

Question 11

According to the _____________, each energy level of the atom is associated with an atomic orbital a mathematical description of the electron’s position in three dimensions

Answer 11

quantum-mechanical model of the H atom

Question 12

We can know the
_____________ that the electron is within a particular tiny volume of space, but not its
exact location.

Answer 12

probability

Question 13

The probability is _________ for the electron being near the nucleus, and it _________ with distance.

Answer 13

highest, decreases

Question 14

Quantum numbers denote each atomic orbital’s energy. An energy level consists of sublevels, which consist of orbitals

Question 15

Quantum numbers n is _________

Answer 15

principal quantum number

Question 16

Quantum numbers l is __________.

Answer 16

angular momentum quantum number / azimuthal quantum numbers

Question 17

Quantum numbers m(l) is _____________.

Answer 17

Magnetic quantum number

Question 18

Quantum numbers m(s) is _____________.

Answer 18

Electron spin quantum number

Question 19

Thus, for the H atom only, the energy levels depend solely on the _________________.

Answer 19

principal quantum number (n)

Question 20

In the H atom, there is only one type of ______________: the attraction between nucleus and electron

Answer 20

electrostatic interaction

Question 21

______________________had established the idea of individual units of matter.

Answer 21

Dalton’s atomic theory

Question 22

________________substituted nuclear atoms for “billiard balls” or “plum puddings.”

Answer 22

Rutherford’s model

Question 23

In contrast, energy is __________ and its quantity can change continuously.

Answer 23

massless

Question 24

Visible light, x-rays, and microwaves are some of the types of ________________.

Answer 24

electromagnetic radiation

Question 25

also called electromagnetic energy or radiant energy

Answer 25

electromagnetic radiation

Question 26

All electromagnetic radiation consists of energy propagated by ________________ that increase and decrease in intensity as they move through space.

Answer 26

electric and magnetic fields

Question 27

The wave properties of electromagnetic radiation are described by three variables and one constant. NAME THE THE 3 VARIABLES AND 1 CONSTANT.

Answer 27

3 variables:
(1) frequency, (2) wavelength, (3) amplitude

1 constant:
(1) speed

Question 28

______________is the product of its frequency and wavelength.

Answer 28

Speed

Question 29

The unit for speed is _________.

Answer 29

m/s

Question 30

________________is the distance between any point on
a wave and the corresponding point on the next crest (or trough) of the wave, that is,
the distance the wave travels during one cycle.

Answer 30

wavelength

Question 31

________________of a wave is the number of cycles it under
goes per second, expressed by the unit 1/second [s-1; also called a hertz (Hz)].

Answer 31

Frequency

Question 32

Since the product of wavelength and frequend is a __________, they have a _____________ relationship.

Answer 32

constant,
reciprocal

Question 33

radiation with a _______ frequency has a _______ wavelength, and vice versa:

Answer 33

high,
short

Question 34

_____________ of a wave is the height of the crest (or depth of the trough).

Answer 34

Amplitude

Question 35

It is related to the intensity of the radiation, or its brightness in the case of visible light.

Answer 35

Amplitude

Question 36

All waves in the spectrum travel at the same speed through a vacuum but ________________.

Answer 36

differ in frequency and, therefore, wavelength.

Question 37

what color has a wavelength of < 750 nm.

Answer 37

red

Question 38

what color has a wavelength of 400 nm.

Answer 38

violet

Question 39

Light of a single wavelength
is called __________(Greek, “one color”).

Answer 39

monochromatic

Question 40

light of many wavelengths is _____________.

Answer 40

polychromatic

Question 40

The region adjacent to visible light on the short-wavelength end consists of ___________radiation.

Answer 40

ultraviolet (UV)

Question 41

Name the 7 regions of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 41

UV, visible, radio, gamma, microwave, x-ray, infrared.

Question 42

Arrange in increasing frequency:
UV, visible, radio, gamma, microwave, x-ray, infrared.

Answer 42

radio< microwave< infrared< visible< UV< x-ray< gamma

Question 43

Arrange in increasing wavelength:
UV, visible, radio, gamma, microwave, x-ray, infrared.

Answer 43

gamma< x-ray< UV< visible< infrared< microwave< radio

Question 44

Which has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency?
Visible or Infrared

Answer 44

Visible

Question 45

A dental hygienist uses x-rays ( 1.00 Å) to take a series of dental radiographs while the patient listens to a radio station (325 cm) and looks out the window at the blue sky (473 nm). What is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation from
each source? (Assume that the radiation travels at the speed of light, 3.00x10^8 m/s.)

Answer 45

x-rays: 3.00x10^18 s^-1
radio station: 9.23x10^7 s^-1
blue sky: 6.34x10^14 s^-1

Question 46

In our everyday world, matter and energy behave very __________.

Answer 46

differently

Question 47

Light of a given wavelength travels at different
speeds through various ___________—vacuum, air, water, quartz, and so forth.

Answer 47

transparent media

Question 48

Therefore, when a light wave passes from one medium into another, the __________ changes

Answer 48

speed of the wave

Question 49

The speed of a light wave
passing between media changes immediately, which bends its path.

Answer 49

Refraction

Question 50

A wave bends around both edges of a small opening, forming a semicircular wave.

Answer 50

Diffraction

Question 51

When waves of light pass through two adjacent slits, the nearby emerging circular waves interact through the process of ________________.

Answer 51

interference

Question 52

Three observations involving matter and light confounded physicists at the turn
of the 20th century:

Answer 52

blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and atomic spectra.

Question 53

________________interference happens when two waves overlap in such a way that they combine to create a larger wave

Answer 53

Constructive

Question 54

_____________interference happens when two waves overlap in such a way that they cancel each other out

Answer 54

Destructive

Question 55

It is when a solid object is heated to about 1000 K,
it begins to emit visible light.

Answer 55

blackbody radiation

Question 56

characteristic of blackbody
radiation, light given off by a hot ___________.

Answer 56

blackbody

Question 57

He proposed that a hot, glowing object could emit (or absorb) only certain quantities of energy

Answer 57

Max Planck (1900)

Question 58

Formula for Planck’s equation

Answer 58

E=nhv

Question 59

Planck’s constant

Answer 59

6.626x10^-34 J*s

Question 60

A hot object’s radiation must be emitted by its __________.

Answer 60

atoms

Question 61

If each atom can _______ only
certain quantities of energy, it follows that each atom has only certain quantities of energy. Thus, the energy of an atom is ______________.

Answer 61

emit,
quantized

Question 62

it occurs in fixed quantities, rather than being continuous

Answer 62

quantum

Question 63

Each change in an atom’s energy occurs when the
atom absorbs or emits one or more “packets,” or definite amounts, of energy. Each
energy packet is called a __________.

Answer 63

quantum

Question 64

plural for quantum

Answer 64

quanta

Question 64

A quantum of energy is equal to _______.

Answer 64

hv (planck’s constant multiplied to frequency

Question 65

an atom changes its energy state by emitting (or absorbing) one or more ___________.

Answer 65

quanta

Question 66

the energy of the emitted (or absorbed) radiation is equal to the ____________ in the atom’s energy states.

Answer 66

difference

Question 67

When light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal in a phenomenon known as the____________.

Answer 67

Photoelectric effect

Question 68

The 2 features of the photoelectric effect:

Answer 68

(1) Presence of a threshold frequency
(2) Absence of a time lag.

Question 69

Albert Einstein proposed in 1905 that light itself is particulate, quantized into tiny “bundles” of energy, later called _______________.

Answer 69

photons

Question 70

A ____________ is an idealized object that absorbs all the radiation incident on it.

Answer 70

Blackbody

Question 71

__________ depends on frequency.

Answer 71

Energy

Question 72

A student uses a microwave oven to heat a meal. The wavelength of the radiation
is 1.20 cm. What is the energy of one photon of this microwave radiation?

Answer 72

E= 1.66x10^-23 J

Question 73

According to ___________, an atom has only certain quantities of energy (E= nhv), and it can change its energy only by absorbing or emitting a photon whose energy equals the change in the atom’s energy.

Answer 73

quantum theory

Question 74

_____________ involved the light emitted when an element is vaporized and then excited electrically

Answer 74

Atomic spectra

Question 75

When light from electrically excited gaseous atoms passes through a slit and is refracted by a prism it creates a _____________.

Answer 75

line spectrum

Question 76

a series of fine lines at specific frequencies separated by black spaces

Answer 76

line spectrum

Question 77

Each spectrum is _________ of the element producing it.

Answer 77

characteristic

Question 78

Using data, not theory, the Swedish physicist _________ (1854–1919) developed a relationship, called the Rydberg equation

Answer 78

Johannes Rydberg

Question 79

it predicts the position and wavelength of any line in a given series.

Answer 79

Rydberg equation

Question 80

Write Rydberg equation

Answer 80

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Question 81

Electrically excited H atoms emit a beam of light that is narrowed by a _____ and dispersed by a _______ to create a line spectrum.

Answer 81

slit,
prism

Question 82

________________, a young Danish physicist suggested a model for the H atom that did predict the existence of line spectra.

Answer 82

Niels Bohr (1885–1962)

Question 83

In this model, Bohr used Planck’s and Einstein’s ideas
about quantized energy and proposed three postulates.

Answer 83

The Bohr Model

Question 84

Answer either Postulate 1, 2, or 3:
The atom changes to another stationary state (the electron moves to another orbit)
only by absorbing or emitting a photon. The energy of the photon equals the difference
in the energies of the two states

Answer 84

Postulate 3

Question 85

Answer either Postulate 1, 2, or 3:
Each state is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.
The higher the energy level, the farther the orbit is from the nucleus.

Answer 85

Postulate 1

Question 86

Answer either Postulate 1, 2, or 3:
The atom does not radiate energy while in one of its stationary states.

Answer 86

Postulate 2

Question 87

__________ is a positive integer
(1, 2, 3, . . .) associated with the radius of an electron orbit, which is directly related
to the electron’s energy.

Answer 87

quantum number

Question 88

The lowest energy level

Answer 88

ground state

Question 89

The higher energy level

Answer 89

excited state

Question 90

The most stable arrangement

Answer 90

ground state

Question 91

Atoms enter the _________ when they absorb energy and an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.

Answer 91

excited state

Question 92

energy equals the difference
between lower and higher energy levels

Answer 92

Absorption

Question 93

If an H atom in a higher energy level (electron in farther orbit) returns to a lower energy level (electron in closer orbit),

Answer 93

Emission

Question 94

A __________ results when a photon of specific energy (and thus frequency) is emitted.

Answer 94

spectral line

Question 95

an atomic spectrum is not continuous because the
atom’s energy is not continuous, but rather has only ______________.

Answer 95

certain states

Question 96

Bohr’s model accounts for __________ series of spectral lines of hydrogen

Answer 96

three

Question 97

When electrons drop from outer orbits to the n=______ orbit (second excited state), the emitted photons create the infrared series of lines.

Answer 97

3

Question 98

The visible series arises when electrons drop to the
n=______ orbit.

Answer 98

2

Question 99

the ultraviolet series arises when electrons drop to the n=_____ orbit (ground state).

Answer 99

1

Question 100

___________ do not move in fixed, defined orbits

Answer 100

electrons

Question 101

The bohr model’s central idea is that __________.

Answer 101

the energy of an atom occurs in
discrete levels, and an atom changes energy by absorbing or emitting a photon of
specific energy.

Question 102

The _________ sign for the energy appears because we define the zero point of the atom’s energy when the electron is completely
removed from the nucleus. Thus, E= 0 when n is infinity, so E<0 for any smaller n.

Answer 102

negative

Question 103

A hydrogen atom absorbs a photon of UV light and its electron enters the n=4 energy level. Calculate (a) the change in energy of the atom and (b) the
wavelength (in nm) of the photon.

Answer 103

(a) E=2.04x10^-18 J
(b) 97.4 nm

Question 104

An _______________ is produced when atoms in an excited state emit photons characteristic of the element as they return to lower energy states.

Answer 104

emission spectrum

Question 105

An _______________ is produced when atoms absorb photons of certain wavelengths
and become excited from lower to higher energy states.

Answer 105

absorption spectrum

Question 106

A ____________ can also be used to measure the concentration of a substance in a solution

Answer 106

spectrometer

Question 107

The ______________, the amount of light of a given wavelength absorbed by a substance, is proportional to the number of molecules.

Answer 107

absorbance

Question 108

light emitted by electrically excited atoms of an element appears as separate __________.

Answer 108

spectral lines

Question 109

____________ use an empirical formula (the Rydberg equation) to determine the
wavelength of a spectral line. Atomic hydrogen displays several series of lines.

Answer 109

Spectroscopists

Question 110

To explain the existence of ___________, Bohr proposed that an electron moves in fixed orbits. It moves from one orbit to another when the atom absorbs or emits a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy levels (orbits).

Answer 110

line spectra

Question 111

______________ is an instrumental technique that obtains emission and absorption spectra used to identify substances and measure their concentrations.

Answer 111

Spectrometry

Question 112

Bohr’s model was a perfect case of fitting theory to data: he assumed that an atom
has _____________ in order to explain line spectra.

Answer 112

only certain energy levels

Question 113

Attempting to explain why an atom has fixed energy levels, a French physics student, ______________, considered other systems that display only certain allowed motions, such as the vibrations of a plucked guitar string.

Answer 113

Louis de Broglie

Question 114

De Broglie proposed that
if energy is particle-like, perhaps matter is ____________.

Answer 114

wavelike

Question 115

He reasoned that if __________
have wavelike motion in orbits of fixed radii, they would have only certain allowable frequencies and energies.

Answer 115

electrons

Question 116

Combining Einstein’s famous equation for mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2)
with the equation for the energy of a photon (E= hn=hc/wavelength), de Broglie derived an equation for the wavelength of any particle of mass m—whether planet, baseball, or electron—moving at speed u. WRITE THE EQUATION

Answer 116

lambda=h/mu

Question 117

According to this equation for the______________, matter behaves as though it moves in a wave.

Answer 117

de Broglie wavelength

Question 118

An object’s wavelength is ____________ proportional to its mass.

Answer 118

inversely

Question 119

Find the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with a speed of 1.00x10^6 m/s (electron mass=9.11x10^-31 kg; h=6.626x10^-34 kg*m^2/s).

Answer 119

h/mu= 7.27x10^-10 m

Question 120

If electrons travel in waves, they should exhibit ____________ and ____________.

Answer 120

diffraction,
interference

Question 121

A fast-moving electron has a wavelength of about ________so a beam of such electrons
should be diffracted by the spaces between atoms in a crystal—about 10^-10 m.

Answer 121

10^-10 m

Question 122

In 1927, ___________ and _____________ guided a beam of x-rays and then a beam of
electrons at a nickel crystal and obtained two diffraction patterns

Answer 122

C. Davisson and L. Germer

Question 123

Matter is ________ and massive, while energy is __________ and wavelike.

Answer 123

particulate,
continuous

Question 124

_______________ is
diffracted by
metal crystal.

Answer 124

electron beam

Question 125

Energy and Matter
particulate, massive, wavelike

Answer 125

QUANTUM THEORY

Question 126

It states that it is impossible
to know simultaneously the position and momentum (mass times speed) of a particle.

Answer 126

Uncertainty principle

Question 127

In 1927, the German physicist _____________ postulated the uncertainty principle

Answer 127

Werner Heisenberg

Question 128

Electrons exhibit ___________, just as light waves do, and photons exhibit__________________, just as objects do. This wave-particle duality of matter and energy is observable only on the atomic scale.

Answer 128

diffraction,
transfer of momentum

Question 129

In 1926, ____________ derived an equation that is the basis for the quantum-mechanical model of the H atom

Answer 129

Erwin Schrödinger

Question 130

It examines the wave nature of objects on the atomic scale.

Answer 130

quantum mechanics

Question 131

_______________, a mathematical description of the electron’s
matter-wave in three dimensions

Answer 131

atomic orbital

Question 132

_____________________,
represents a set of mathematical operations that, when carried out with a particular
(psi), yields one of the allowed energy states of the atom. Thus, each solution of the
equation gives an energy state associated with a given atomic orbital.

Answer 132

Hamiltonian operator

Question 133

the ground state of the H atom, the _________________ decreases with distance from the nucleus along a line

Answer 133

electron probability
density

Question 134

Name the 3 probable locations of the electron.

Answer 134

(1) Probability of the electron being in some tiny volume of the atom.

(2) Total probability density at some distance from the nucleus. To find radial probability distribution.

(3) Probability contour and the size of the atom

Question 135

visualize an atom with a _____% probability contour

Answer 135

90%

Question 136

The __________________is a positive integer (1, 2, 3, and so forth). It indicates the relative size of the orbital and therefore the relative distance
from the nucleus of the peak in the radial probability distribution plot.

Answer 136

principal quantum number (n)

Question 137

The principal quantum
number specifies the energy level of the H atom: the ________ the n value, the ________
the energy level.

Answer 137

higher,
higher

Question 138

The _________________is an integer from -l through 0 to
1+. It prescribes the three-dimensional orientation of the orbital in the space around
the nucleus.

Answer 138

magnetic quantum number (ml)

Question 139

The ______________ is an integer from 0 to n -1. It is related to the shape of the orbital

Answer 139

angular momentum quantum number (l )

Question 140

Give the name, magnetic quantum numbers, and number of orbitals for each sublevel with the given n and l quantum numbers:
(a) n=3, l=2
(b) n=2, l=0
(c) n=5, l =1
(d) n=4, l=3

Answer 140

(a) n=3
l=2
sublevel=3d
2-, -1, 0, +1, +2

kapoy type sa b, c, and d

Question 141

An orbital with l=0 has a spherical shape with the nucleus at its
center

Answer 141

s orbital

Question 142

An orbital with l=1 is called a__________________.

Answer 142

p orbital

Question 143

An orbital with l=2 is called a__________________.

Answer 143

d orbital

Question 144

In the special case of the H atom, the energy levels depend only on the___________.

Answer 144

n value

Question 145

A wave can be thought of as a vibrating disturbance by which ________________ is transmitted.

Answer 145

energy

Question 146

Wavelength is the ___________ between identical points on successive waves.

Answer 146

distance

Question 147

The frequency is the __________ of waves that pass through a particular point in 1 second.

Answer 147

number

Question 148

Another important property of waves is their speed which depends on the type of wave and the nature of the ________ through which the wave is traveling (for example air, water, or a vacuum).

Answer 148

medium

Question 149

According to Maxwell’s theory, an electromagnetic wave has an _______________ field and a magnetic field component.

Answer 149

electric

Question 150

Planck gave the name ___________ to the smallest quantity that can be emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

Answer 150

quantum

Question 151

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from the ____________ of certain metals when exposed to light with at least a minimum frequency, known as the threshold frequency.

Answer 151

surface

Question 152

photons are particles of _____________ central to quantum theory, and Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect established their existence and quantized energy.

Answer 152

light

Question 153

particle-wave___________ is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental particles such as electrons and photons exhibit both particle-like and wavelike properties depending on the experimental conditions, challenging the traditional notions and distinct particles and waves.

Answer 153

duality

Question 154

In a ____________ spectrum, all possible wavelengths within a given range are present, forming a smooth and connected distribution without any missing values.

Answer 154

continuous

Question 155

Every element has a ___________ emission spectrum. The characteristic lines in atomic spectra can be used in chemical analysis to identify unknown atoms.

Answer 155

unique

Question 156

Momentum is the ____________ of an object’s mass and its velocity.

Answer 156

product

Question 157

The left side of the de Broglie’s equation involves the wave-like property of wavelength, whereas the right side makes references to the ____________ a distinctively particle-like property.

Answer 157

momentum

Question 158

The most useful region of UV light for this purpose is ________.

Answer 158

200–400 nm

Question 159

____________ has a slightly shorter wavelength (and, thus, higher frequency) than visible light.

Answer 159

Ultraviolet light

Question 160

The energy difference between the two states depends on _________________.

Answer 160

the location of the electron

Question 161

it requires light having a wavelength of < 200 nm

Answer 161

The promotion of electrons in sigma bonds and pi unconjugated bonds

Question 162

The wavelength of UV light absorbed by a compound is often referred to as its___________.

Answer 162

lambda max

Question 163

____________ absorb light in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum (200–400 nm).

Answer 163

Conjugated dienes and polyenes

Question 164

As the number of conjugated pi
bonds _________, the energy difference between the ground and excited state __________, shifting the absorption to longer wavelengths.

Answer 164

increases,
decreases

Question 165

With molecules having ___________ conjugated bonds, the absorption shifts from the UV to the ____________ and the compound takes on the color of those wavelengths of visible light it does not absorb.

Answer 165

eight or more,
visible region

Question 166

The color that lycopene absorbs

Answer 166

blue-green region (470 nm)

Question 167

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun is high enough in energy to cleave bonds, forming radicals that _____________________ and __________________.

Answer 167

can prematurely age skin and cause skin cancers

Question 168

The UV region is subdivided into 3. Name the 3 regions and their specific wavelength range.

Answer 168

UV-A (320–400 nm),
UV-B (290–320 nm), and
UV-C (< 290 nm)

Question 169

___________the highly conjugated colored pigment in the skin that serves as the body’s natural protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation.

Answer 169

melanin

Question 170

Prolonged exposure to the sun can_________________________________________________________.

Answer 170

allow more UV radiation to reach your skin than melanin can absorb

Question 171

A commercial sunscreen can offer added protection, however, because it contains __________________ that absorb UV light, thus shielding your skin (for a time) from the harmful effects of UV radiation.

Answer 171

conjugated compounds

Question 172

2 conjugated compounds in used in sunscreens:

Answer 172

para-aminobenzoic acid and padimate O.

Question 173

Conjugated compounds generally shield the skin from __________ radiation, but often have little effect on longer-wavelength __________ radiation, which does not burn the skin, but can still cause long-term damage to skin cells.

Answer 173

UV-B,
UV-A

Question 174

Fortunately, much of the highest energy UV light _________is filtered out by the ozone layer, so that only UV light having wavelengths > 290 nm reaches the skin’s surface.

Answer 174

UV-C

Question 175

______________ is used to calculate the wavelength
of maximum absorption of conjugated dienes and polyenes.

Answer 175

Woodward-Fieser rules

Question 176

Write the Woodward-Fieser rules formula

Answer 176

Base value+ Sum of Substituents + Sum of Other Contributions

Question 177

The ______________ depends upon whether the diene is a linear or heteroannular or transoid diene, or whether it is a
cyclic or homoannular diene

Answer 177

base value

Question 178

This type of diene generally involves the attachement of two trans dienes together. Since the two double bonds attached are trans.

Answer 178

Transoid Diene / Heteroannular diene / linear diene

Question 179

This type of diene involves the conjugation of two cis dienes. Since the double bonds are cis to each other, the molecule often tends to form a closed ring system.

Answer 179

Cisoid diene / Homoannular diene / cyclic diene

Question 180

Only the substituents attached _______________ to the double bond diene systems can influence the ultraviolet visible absorption of the molecules.

Answer 180

directly

Question 181

A____________ is a molecule which absorbs light at a particular wavelength and emit color as a result.

Answer 181

Chromophore

Question 182

________________________ ultimately showed that it provides a better basis for describing, explaining, and predicting behavior at the atomic and molecular level.

Answer 182

Quantum mechanics

Question 183

Quantum mechanics is based on several statements called __________________.

Answer 183

postulates

Question 184

The behavior of electrons, by now known to have wavelike properties, can be described by a mathematical expression called a _______________________.

Answer 184

wavefunction

Question 185

The wavefunction contains within it all possible information that can be known
about a __________________.

Answer 185

system

Question 186

Wavefunctions are not arbitrary mathematical functions, but must satisfy
certain simple conditions. Name the 5 conditions.

Answer 186

(1) single valued
(2) continuous
(3) bounded
(4) differentiable
(5) square-integrable

Question 187

_____________________ predicts values that agree with experimentally determined measurements.

Answer 187

Quantum mechanics

Question 188

State the 1st postulate of Quantum Mechanics.

Answer 188

The state of a quantum mechanical system is completely specified by the wavefunction.

Question 189

State the 2nd postulate of Quantum Mechanics.

Answer 189

To every observable in classical mechanics, there corresponds a linear, Hermitian operator in quantum mechanics.

Question 190

State the 3rd postulate of Quantum Mechanics.

Answer 190

In any measurement of the observable associated with operator, the only values that will ever be observed are the eigenvalues.

Question 191

A mathematical instruction

Answer 191

Operator

Question 192

When an operator acts on a function
and produces the original function multiplied by any constant equation is referred to as an _______________________.

Answer 192

eigenvalue equation

Question 193

The two basic operators are:

Answer 193

position operator,
linear momentum operator

Question 194

In quantum mechanics, the eigenvalue equations that we will consider have __________________ as values of eigenvalues

Answer 194

real numbers

Question 195

_______________________ are operators that always have real (nonimaginary) numbers as eigenvalues

Answer 195

Hermitian operators

Question 196

All _________________ that yield quantum mechanical observables are Hermitian operators, because in order to be observed a quantity must be real.

Answer 196

operators

Question 197

Hermitian operators are named after ______________________, a nineteenth century French mathematician.

Answer 197

Charles Hermite