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Physics > PHY 2049 Test 1 > Flashcards

PHY 2049 Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Length (L) SI unit

A

meter (m)

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2
Q

Mass (M) SI unit

A

kilogram (kg)

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3
Q

Time (T) SI unit

A

second (s)

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4
Q

Electric Current (A) SI unit

A

ampere (A)

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5
Q

Absolute Temperature (theta) SI unit

A

kelvin (K)

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6
Q

Luminous Intensity (I) SI unit

A

candela (cd)

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7
Q

Amount of substance (n) SI unit

A

mole (mol)

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8
Q

Tera-

A

10^12

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9
Q

Giga-

A

10^9

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10
Q

Mega-

A

10^6

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11
Q

Kilo-

A

10^3

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12
Q

Hecto-

A

10^2

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13
Q

Deca-

A

10^1

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14
Q

Deci-

A

10^ -1

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15
Q

Centi-

A

10^ -2

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16
Q

Milli-

A

10^ -3

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17
Q

Micro-

A

10^ -6

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18
Q

Nano-

A

10^ -9

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19
Q

Pico-

A

10-12

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20
Q

Reduces long numbers to manageable width

A

Scientific Notation

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21
Q

Size of a number is adjusted by changing the

A

Magnitude (x 10^?)

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22
Q

Any meaningful equation must have the same dimensions in the

A

Left and Right sides

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23
Q

Things being added must have

A

The same dimensions

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24
Q

Exponents and trig arguments must be

A

dimensionless

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25
Q

The pressure in fluid motion depends on its

A

Density and Speed

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26
Q

P=

A

M/LT^2
Density (p) = M/L^3
Speed (v) = L/T
P/density = speed^2

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27
Q

Area

A

A = L^2

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28
Q

Volume

A

V=L^3

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29
Q

Speed

A

v=L/T

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30
Q

Acceleration

A

a=L/T^2

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31
Q

Force

A

F=ML/T^2

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32
Q

Pressure (F/A)

A

p = M/LT^2

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33
Q

Density (M/V)

A

p=M/L^3

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34
Q

Energy

A

E=ML^2/T^2

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35
Q

Power (E/T)

A

P=ML^2/T^3

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36
Q

Figure that is reliably known

A

Significant figure

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37
Q

All non-zero digits are

A

significant

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38
Q

Zeros are significant when…

A
  1. Between other non-zero digits
  2. After the decimal point AND another significant figure
  3. Can be clarified by using scientific notation
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39
Q

Number of significant figures

A

Accuracy

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40
Q

When multiplying or dividing (significant figures)

A

Round the result to the same accuracy as the least accurate measurement
Ex. 4.5 X 7.3 = 32.85 = 33 (2 sig figs)

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41
Q

When adding or subtracting (significant figures)

A

Round the result to the smallest number of decimal places of any term in the sum
Ex. 135 + 6.213 = 141.213 = 141 (3 sig figs)

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42
Q

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction

A

Vector

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43
Q

Vectors are represented graphically as

A

Arrows: directed lines with arrowheads at their ends

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44
Q

Row or column vectors are represented as

A

i for x, j for y, k for z

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45
Q

Specify which position in a row or column vector that the accompanying number should go

A

i, j, and k

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46
Q

Unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions

A

i, j, and k

Said to have a length of 1

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47
Q

Unit vectors are to have a length of

A

1

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48
Q

Magnitude of a vector is calculated by:

A

[v] = (sq. rt. (vx^2 + vy^2 + vz^2))

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49
Q

The direction of a 2-dimensional vector can be specified by the angle it makes with

A

The positive x-axis
Theta = tan^-1 (vy/vx)
Theta = cos^-1(vx/[v])
Theta = sin^-1 (vy/[v]

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50
Q

Given magnitude and direction the components of a vector can be recovered by

A

vx=[v]cos theta

vy=[v]sin theta

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51
Q

Vector A + Vector B =

A

Vector C

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52
Q

Vector Ax + Vector Ay =

A

Vector A

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53
Q

Vector A = - Vector B if

A

[Vector B] = [Vector A] and their directions are opposite

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54
Q

Vector B = s Vector A has manitude

A

[B] = [s][A] and has the same direction as A if s is positive or - [A] if s is negative

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55
Q

Slide 18

A

Comeback to

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56
Q

Displacement

Slide 19

A 
Vector = x i + y j
[v] = (sq. rt (x^2 + y^2))
Theta = (tan^-1 ([v])
vx = v cos theta
vy = v sin theta
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57
Q

Slide 21

A

comeback to

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58
Q

Defined in terms of a set of coordinates or frame of reference

A

Position

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59
Q

In one dimension this is either the x- or y-axis

A

Position or Frame of reference

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60
Q

Measures the change in position

A

Displacement

A vector quantity

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61
Q

Represented as delta x (if horizontal) or delta y (if vertical

A

Displacement

A vector quantity

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62
Q

Displacement units

A

SI: Meters (m)
CGS: Centimeters (cm)
USCS: Feet (ft)

63
Q

Curvy line over straight line

A

Straight line = Displacement

Curvy line = Distance

64
Q

Distance may be, but is not necessarily, the

A

Magnitude of the displacement

65
Q

The rate at which the displacement occurs

A

Average velocity

66
Q

Velocity (average) =

A

delta vector x/ delta t

67
Q

Delta t is always

A

positive

68
Q

Average velocity is a

A

Vector

Direction will be the same as the direction of the displacement

69
Q

The limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as the time interval approaches zero

A

Instantaneous velocity

70
Q

Velocity (instantaneous) =

A

Lim (delta t –> 0) delta vector x/ delta t

71
Q

Indicates what is happening at every point of time

A

Instantaneous velocity

72
Q

Slope of the tangent to the curve at the time of interest

A

Instantaneous Velocity

73
Q

The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

A

Instantaneous speed

74
Q

Changing velocity (non-uniform) means

A

An acceleration is present

75
Q

The rate of change of the velocity

A

Average acceleration

76
Q

Acceleration (average) =

A

Delta vector v(velocity)/delta t

77
Q

Average accelerations is a

A

Vector quantity

78
Q

The limit of the average acceleration as the time interval goes to zero

A

Instantaneous Acceleration

79
Q

Acceleration (instantaneous) =

A

Lim (delta t –> 0) delta v/delta t

80
Q

When the instantaneous accelerations are always the same, the acceleration will be

A

uniform

The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to the average acceleration

81
Q

The slope of the line connecting the initial and final velocities on a velocity-time graph

A

Average acceleration

82
Q

The slope of the tangent to the curve of the velocity-time graph

A

Instantaneous acceleration

83
Q

Slide 29

A

Comeback to picture

84
Q

Velocity as a function of time

A

v=v0 + at

85
Q

Displacement as a function of velocity and time

A

delta x = 1/2 (v0 + v)t

86
Q

Displacement as a function of time

A

delta x = v0t + 1/2 at^2

87
Q

Velocity as a function of displacement

A

v^2 = v0^2 + 2a delta x

88
Q

Motion is along the ___ axis

A

X

89
Q

At t=0 the velocity of the particle is

A

v0

90
Q

All objects moving under the influence of only gravity are said to be in

A

Free fall

91
Q

All objects falling near the earth’s surface fall with a

A

Constant acceleration

92
Q

The constant acceleration of objects falling near the earth’s surface is called

A

Acceleration due to gravity and is indicated by g

93
Q

For constant acceleration, two of the equations of motion can be easily derived using

A

Integration

dv/dt = a (integrate it)

94
Q

Slide 32, 33

A

comeback to

95
Q

The position of an object is described by

A

Its position vector, r

96
Q

The change in an object’s position

A

Displacement

delta r = r (final) - r (initial)

97
Q

The ration of the displacement to the time interval for the displacement

A

The average velocity

v (avg) = delta r/ delta t

98
Q

The limit of the average velocity as delta t approaches zero

A

The instantaneous velocity

v= lim (delta t –>0) delta r/delta t

99
Q

An extended object whose parts are at rest relative to each other

A

Frame of reference

100
Q

To make position measurements we use

A

Coordinate axis that are attached to reference frames

101
Q

If a particle moves with velocity Vpc relative to reference frame C, which is in turn moving with velocity Vcg relative to reference frame G, the velocity of the particle relative to G is:

A

VpG = VpC + VCG

This is called the Galilean transformation equation **

102
Q

The rate at which velocity changes

A

Average acceleration

a (avg) = delta v/delta t

103
Q

The limit of the average acceleration as delta t approaches zero

A

Instantaneous acceleration

a = lim (delta t –> 0) delta v/delta t

104
Q

Ways an object might accelerate

A
  1. The magnitude of the velocity can change
  2. The direction of the velocity can change (even though magnitude is constant)
  3. Both can change
105
Q

No x or x0

A

v(t) = v0 + at

106
Q

No v(t)

A

delta x(t) = v0t + 1/2 at^2

107
Q

No t

A

v^2(t) = v0^2 + 2a(x-x0)

108
Q

No a

A

Delta x(t) = 1/2 (vo+v(t))t

109
Q

No v0

A

Delta x(t) = v(t)t - 1/2 at^2

110
Q

Slide 40

A

Come back to

111
Q

When an object moves in both the x and y direction simultaneously under the influence of a constant gravitational force, the form of two dimensional motion that results is called

A

Projectile motion

112
Q

Using our assumptions, an object in projectile motion will

A

Follow a parabolic path

113
Q

The velocity of the projectile at any point of its motion is the

A

Vector sum of its x and y components at that point

114
Q

Polar and rectangular vector representations are

A

related

Slide 43

115
Q

X-direction of Projectile Motion

A

ax = 0
Vxo=V0 cos theta0 = Vx = constant
x = Vxo t
This is the operative equation in the x-direction since there is uniform velocity in that direction

116
Q

Y-direction of Projectile Motion

A

Vyo = V0 sine theta0
Take the positive direction as upward
Then: free fall problem only then: ay = -g
Uniformly accelerated motion, so the one dimensional motion equations all hold

117
Q

Slide 46, 47, 48, 49, 50

A

Come back to

118
Q

A particle moving in a circle with varying speed has

A

Tangential acceleration

a of t = dv/dt

119
Q

Tangential acceleration is in addition to

A

The radial, centripetal acceleration
a of c = v^2/r
a = (sq. rt. (a of c ^2 + a of t^2))

120
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Body at rest remains at rest

Body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced EXTERNAL force

121
Q

The property of a body that causes it to remain at rest or maintain constant velocity is called its

A

Inertia or mass

122
Q

Mass is a

A

Scalar quantity

123
Q

Units of mass

A

SI: Kilograms (kg)
CGS: grams (g)
US Customary: slug (slug) or lbm (pound-mass)

124
Q

1 kg =

A

1000g = 2.2 lbm

125
Q

1 slug =

A

32.2 lbm

126
Q

Newton’s second law

A

The acceleration produced by forces acting on a body is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net external for and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
F= ma

127
Q

The acceleration produced by forces acting on a body is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net external for and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

A

Newton’s second law

128
Q

Body at rest stays at rest….

A

Newton’s first law

129
Q

Both F and a in the equation F= m/a are

A

Vectors

130
Q

All the internal forces in a body, such as the forces between atoms and molecules in it, can be completely ignored because

A

They do not contribute to acceleration of the object as a whole

131
Q

The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass near the earth’s surface is called the

A

Weight (w) of the object

w = mg

132
Q

Special case of Newton’s second law

A

w = mg

133
Q

g can also be found from the

A

Law of Universal Gravitation

134
Q

The pound (lb) in the USCS system is ambiguous as whether is measures

A

Mass or force

135
Q

We define the pound-mass as

A

0.4536 kg

136
Q

We define the pound-force as

A

4.45N

137
Q

Pound-mass and pound-force are related through

A

w = mg

See slide 55

138
Q

Another lb related unit

A

The poundal
1 pdl = 1 lbm x ft/s^2
1 lbf = 32.2 pdl

139
Q

F (gravity) =

A

w = mg

140
Q

Force units

A

SI: N
USCS: pdl, lbf

141
Q

Mass units

A

SI: kg
USCS: slug, lbm

142
Q

Types of fundamental forces

A
  1. Strong nuclear force (strongest)
  2. Electromagnetic force
  3. Weak nuclear force
  4. Gravity (weakest)
143
Q

Characteristics of fundamental forces

A
  1. All field forces

2. Only gravity and electromagnetic in mechanics

144
Q

Other classes of forces include

A

Cohesion, adhesion, thrust, drag, friction, lift and shearing force
All of these are based on the electromagnetic interactions between the atoms of various substances

145
Q

According to current understanding there are

A

4 forces in nature
Two of these operate in the nucleus
All common and familiar forces are either gravitational or electromagnetic in origin

146
Q

Perpendicular to direction of the surface of contact

A

Normal contact force

147
Q

Forces parallel to surface of contact

A

Friction

148
Q

The force of springs follows

A

Hooke’s Law

F = -kx

149
Q

A special diagram showing only the forces acting on a body

A

Free body diagram

150
Q

Free body diagram

A
  1. Identify all the forces acting on the object of interest
  2. Choose an appropriate coordinate system
  3. Represent the body as a point and draw the forces in appropriate directions
    Slide 60
151
Q

Applying Newton’s Laws

A
  1. Make a sketch
  2. Draw free body diagram
  3. Assign forces to x and y components
  4. Apply F = ma and keep track of signs
  5. If more than one object, apply Newton’s third law
  6. Solve
152
Q

If there is more than one object

A

Apply Newton’s 3rd law

153
Q

Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force back on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

A

Newton’s 3rd Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

154
Q

Newton’s third law

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Physics (7 decks)

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