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Earth and Space Science > PHS 200 Final Exam Study Deck > Flashcards

PHS 200 Final Exam Study Deck Flashcards

Increase understanding of culminating knowledge from PHS 200 class

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1
Q

Earth Science

A

understanding Earth and all other celestial objects in space (all sciences); includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy

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2
Q

Location of Earth Science Study

A

outdoors or laboratory

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3
Q

Geology

A

study of earth and rock formations

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4
Q

Oceanography

A

study of the ocean

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5
Q

Meteorology

A

study of atmosphere and weather patterns

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6
Q

Astronomy

A

study of the universe

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7
Q

Geologic time

A

span of time since Earth’s formation; analogy: Washington Monument - height of monument = length of geologic time

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8
Q

Science

definition

A

natural world = consistent and predictable; scientists use observation and measurement; understood through careful, systematic study

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9
Q

Cloud types

A

determined by nephrologists(study clouds) and time/place of formation

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10
Q

Hypothesis vs. theory

A

hypothesis = untested explanation/prediction; theory = well-tested hypothesis that is based on facts

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11
Q

Steps in Scientific process

A

1.) Question
2.)Background research
3.)Hypothesis
4.)Observations/Experiments
5.)Analyze data
6.)Evaluation/turns into theory

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12
Q

Ancient View vs. Modern View of Astronomy

A

-Ancient astronomy beliefs = positions and movements of celestial objects (planets)
-Modern astronomy beliefs= orgin of celestial objects and movement

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13
Q

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric

A

-Geocentric: Earth = center of universe
-Heliocentric: Sun = center of solar system

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14
Q

Chinese Contributions to Ancient Astronomy

A

record-keeping (Sun, Moon, and planet positions vs. fixed stars); predicted Comets, but not sure how or why; comets = mystical (=bad omens and worldly disasters)

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15
Q

“Golden Age” of Astronomy

A

centered in Greece; measured size and distance of Sun and Moon

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16
Q

Greek word “planetai”

A

Greek for “wanderers”

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17
Q

Retrograde

A

Planets = reverse motion of orbit

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18
Q

Ptolemaic

A

Earth-centered system of the universe; uses terms epicycles (smaller circles of orbit of planets) and deferents (Earth’s large circle orbit)

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19
Q

Eratosthenes

A

First person to establish the size of Earth

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20
Q

What type of shadow does Earth give?

not cyllindrical

A

Curved and spherical shadow

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21
Q

Weather (definition)

A

state of atmosphere at a give time or place (varies daily)

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22
Q

Climate (definition)

A

aka “average weather”; generalization of weather conditions (based on gradual observations); variations and extremes are included; ex: rainfall, dryness of atmosphere, air quality, humidity

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23
Q

Elements (definition)

A

quantities or properties that are measured regularly (of weather/climate: 6 types = air temperature, humidity, type/amount of cloudiness, type/amount of precipitation, air pressure, and speed/direction of wind

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24
Q

Perihelion vs Aphelion (definitions)

A

Perihelion = point of Earth CLOSEST TO Sun (summer); Aphelion = point of Earth FARTHEST FROM Sun (winter); (both while in points of orbit)

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25
Q

Cause of Seasons

A
  • Gradual change in angle (altitude) of Sun above horizon
    -Daylight changes
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26
Q

Earth’s Orbit Angle (Inclination of axis)

A

23.5 degrees; pointed toward North Star

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27
Q

Solstices and Equinoxes

A

-Solstices = summer (June 21st) and winter (December 21st)
-Equinoxes = spring (March 21st) and fall (September 21st)

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28
Q

Constellations and Zodiac (definitions)

A

-Constellations = patterns of stars in the night sky; ex: Orion the Hunter
-Zodiac = planets, Sun and Moon = all appear in band in sky (ex: Capricorn, Scorpio)

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29
Q

Celestial Sphere (definition)

A

Imaginary hollow sphere (stars = hung and carried around Earth); N and S celestial poles; celestial equator
-Measurements = direction (degrees clockwise from due North) and altitude above horizon (location of astronomical objects); angular size and distance

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30
Q

Mean Solar Day vs. Sidereal Day

A

-Mean Solar Day = average time between two passages of Sun across local celestial median
-Sidereal day = period of Earth’s rotation with respect to the stars

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31
Q

Orbit of Earth/planets

A

Ecliptic orbits

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32
Q

Synodic month (definition)

A

period of revolution of the Moon in respect to the Sun; 29.5 days

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33
Q

Sidereal month (definition)

A

Revolution of Moon around Earth in respect to the stars

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34
Q

Phases of Moon/# of phases

A

6 phases; crescent (2 days after New Moon), waxing (1 week after Crescent Moon), first-quarter (1 week after waxing moon), full moon (one week after first-quarter moon), waning (1 week after Full moon), and new moon (1 week after waning moon)

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35
Q

Eclipses

A

-Solar eclipse (called “umbra”; eclipse of Sun; Moon hides Sun; partial shadow = “penumbra”)
-Lunar eclipse (eclipse of Moon)

36
Q

Moon’s diameter (in respect to Earth’s diameter)

A

1/4 of Earth’s diameter (due to low mass and extreme density)

37
Q

Maria (definition)

A

smooth surfaces of Moon; thought to be seas (orignially)

38
Q

Relationship between Earth and Moon

A

-Isotopic twins (made of same materials)
-Moon = composed of remnants from Earth exploding
-Earth’s lunar orbit = moving outward (increases daylight hours)

39
Q

Lunar Perigee (definition)

A

point of orbit of Moon or satellite nearest to Earth

40
Q

Jovian vs. Terrestrial Planets

A

-Jovian = larger planets (Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus); farther away from Sun (outside asteroid belt)
-Terrestrial = closer to Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)

41
Q

1 AU

A

distance from Earth to Sun

42
Q

Nicholaus Copernicus (definition)

A

-orbits of planets = circular
-Heliocentrism creator (Sun = center of Universe)
-“On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres)

43
Q

Tycho Brahe (definition)

A

-created pointers (telescopes) to measure locations of celestial bodies

44
Q

Stellar Parallax

A

star position = shifted (also known as star displacement)

45
Q

Johannes Kepler (definition)

A

-3 laws of planetary motion
1.) Planet orbit = ellipse
2.)Planet’s orbital speed = depends on distance from Sun (faster = closer to Sun; slower = farther from Sun)
3.) Planet’s orbital period = proportional

46
Q

Galileo Galilei (definition)

A
  • “Dialogue of the Great World Systems” (Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism)
    -Jupiter = 4 moons
    -Planets = spheres
    -Venus = same phases as Moon
    -Moon’s surface - not smooth
    -Sun has sunspots
    -First scientist to use telescope in Astronomy
47
Q

Sir Isaac Newton (definition)

A

-3 laws of motion
1.) Object in motion stays in motion; object at rest will stay at rest
2.) Force = mass * acceleration
3.)Every action has an equal or opposite reaction

48
Q

Earth’s spheres

A

1.)Hydrosphere (water portion; precipitation, condensations, and evaporation)
2.) Atmosphere (gas portion; shallow layer; protects against Sun’s UV rays; gives air to breathe)
3.) Geosphere (solid part; Earth = chemical and physical properties)
4.) Biosphere (all life on Earth; helps life adapt to different environments)

49
Q

Earth System (definition)

A

dynamic system of interacting parts and processes

50
Q

Freshwater from hydrosphere

A

1.)Glaciers
2.)Groundwater
3.)All other freshwater

51
Q

Earth’s layers

A

1.) core (iron/nickel)
2.) mantle (3 layers; solid lower, high-density rock mantle, and solid upper)
3.) crust (high and thin outer layer of Earth)

52
Q

Hydrologic cycle (definition)

A

subsystem (matter = repeatedly recycled)
-precipitation (rain or snow)
-transpiration (water vapor released by plants)
-infiltration
-groundwater
-surface flow
-evaporation
-condensation (cloud formation)

53
Q

Planet Order Mneumonic

A

My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

54
Q

Planetesimal (definition)

A

solid celestial body; 1st stage of planetary formation

55
Q

Kuiper Belt (definition)

A

region outside of Neptune (origination of short-period comets)

56
Q

Oort Cloud (definition)

A

location of comets that orbit Sun (very far away from Sun)

57
Q

Meter vs. Meteroid

A

-Meteor: aka shooting star
-Meteoroid: small solid particles; have orbits in solar system; orgin = comet remains

58
Q

Meteorites (definition)

A

irons, stony, or stony-irons; remains of meteoroids

59
Q

Nebular Theory (definition)

A

Sun and planets = formed from same cloud of gas and dust in space
-Solar System = now called Solar Nebula
-Process = Nuclear Fusion
-Steps:
1.) Cloud (dust/gases)
2.) Flattened, rotating disk (gravitational energy ——- thermal energy)
3.) Center of nebula = Sun (metal, rock, and ice = condensed)
4.) Planet formation ( over tens of millions of years)

60
Q

Supernova (definition)

A

exploding star

61
Q

Protosun (definition)

A

Pre-Sun

62
Q

Distance (Sun and Neptune)

A

30 AU

63
Q

Jet distance/time (Earth to Neptune)

A

510 years

64
Q

Big Bang (definition)

A

-13.7 billion years ago
-space, matter, and time = exploded (universe expanded)
-particles formed = hydrogen and helium gases

65
Q

Inner Planets

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
-smaller size, higher density

66
Q

Outer Planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
-large size, low density

67
Q

Ocean Basins (definition)

A

deep submarine region (beyond continental margins)
-volcanoes, deep canyons, plateaus, and flat plains

68
Q

Continents (definition)

A

large, continuous areas of land (continental shelf and islands)
-connected to mainland

69
Q

Ocean Basin and Continent differences

A

-Ocean basins:
1.) below sea level
2.)lower average elevation
3.)composition = basaltic rocks
4.)more dense
5.)less buoyant

-Continents:
1.)above sea level
2.)higher average elevation
3.)composition = granitic rocks
4.)less dense
5.)more buoyant

70
Q

Regions (ocean floor)

A

1.) Continental margin (adjacent to continents)
2.) Deep-ocean basins (between continent margin and oceanic ridge system; 30% of Earth’s surface)
3.) Oceanic ridges (broad, linear ridge/rise of ocean floor)

71
Q

Layers of continental margin

A

1.) Continental shelf (shoreline to slope)
2.) Continental slope (deep-ocean floor)
3.) Continental rise (base of slope)

72
Q

Layers of deep-ocean basins

A

1.) Abyssal plain (flat feature)
2.) Deep-water trenches (bending of oceanic crust during subduction)
3.) Seamounts (isolated volcanic peak)

73
Q

Major features of the Continents

A

1.) Mountain belts (old = 100,000,000 years old; young = < 100,000,000 years old)
2.) Stable platforms (shields covered by sedimentary rock)
3.) Shields (relatively undeformed sedimentary rocks)

74
Q

2 Different Mountain Belts

A

1.) circum-Pacific belt (surrounding Pacific Ocean; has volcanic island areas)
2.) Eastward (Alps to Iran/Himalayas to Indonesia)

75
Q

Cratons (definition)

A

interiors of continents (parts = shield and stable platform); flat expanse of ancient metamorphic rock

76
Q

What is the evolution of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans?

A

Gases emitted during volcanic eruptions

77
Q

Differences between St. Helens Volcano Eruption vs. Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii?

A

1.) St. Helens Volcano = 1980 / Kilauea Volcano = 1983
2.) St. Helens Volcano = largest volcanic eruption in North America / Kilauea Volcano = non-explosive eruptions
3.) St. Helens Volcano = extreme aftermath/blew out north flank of volcano / Kilauea Volcano = relatively quiet outpourings
4.) St. Helens Volcano = killed 59 people (intense heat/suffocating, impact, and mudflows) / Kilauea Volcano = more than 180 home and national park visitor’s center destroyed (no people killed)

78
Q

Why are some volcanic eruptions explosive and others quiescent?

A
  • Quiescent = effusive; outpourings (fluid lava); harmless; low viscosity (measure of fluid’s mobility)
    -Explosive = more spurts (lava); more intense eruptions; harmful; high viscosity (measure of fluid’s mobility); eruption columns (buoyant plumes of hot, ash-laden gases)
79
Q

Factors of an Eruption Type

A

Factors:
1.) Viscosity (measure of fluid’s mobility); depends on temperature and silica content; direct relationship to eruption type

2.) Gas content (basaltic, granitic, andesitic)

80
Q

Magma vs. Lava

A

-Magma = body of molten rock; gases = water vapor and carbon dioxide; including any dissolved gases and crystals
-Lava = erupted magma

81
Q

Location of Magma Generation

A

-Earth’s Upper Mantle
-Partial melting (solid rock)

82
Q

Magma Composition

A
  • Basaltic rocks (dark color; high % dark silicate material; caused by seafloor spreading; eruptions = high % dark silicate materials; eruptions = highest temp)

-Granitic rocks (light-colored silicate materials; lower % silica; crust-mantle boundary; eruptions = lowest temp)

-Andesitic rocks = combo (granitic and basaltic rocks)

83
Q

Three categories of materials let go during volcanic eruptions

A

1.) Lava: flow (basaltic lava) = fluid; flow in thin, broad sheets; speed = > 30 km/hr (usually between 100 m - 300 m); flow (silica-rich rhyolitic lava) = very slow; 90% (total volume of Earth’s lava) = basaltic lava (eruptions = submarine volcanism (seafloor eruptions)

2.) Large volumes of gas: volatiles (gaseous components of magma dissolved in melt); gaseous portion = < 1% - 8% (total weight); form = water vapor

3.) Pyroclastic materials: broken rock, lava “bombs”, and ash; scoria = vesicular eject; produced during basaltic magma eruptions; ash and dust = explosive eruptions; size = very fine dust - sand-sized volcanic ash

84
Q

Pillow lava (definition)

A

Basaltic lava = solidifies underwater

85
Q

2 types (basaltic lava flows)

A

1.) aa flow (jagged, blocky surface); cooler
2.) pahoehoe flow (smooth-to-ropey surface); hotter

86
Q

Composition of Volcanic Gases

A
  • H20
    -CO2
    -SO2
    -H2S
    -CO
    -N2

Earth and Space Science (8 decks)

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