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PHRM 845 > PHRM 845 Exam 3 Roche > Flashcards

PHRM 845 Exam 3 Roche Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the Hindbrain?

A
  • medulla

- pons, cerebellum

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2
Q

What composes the midbrain?

A

-substantia nigra

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3
Q

What composes the forebrain?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • diencephalon
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4
Q

medulla (autonomic functions)

A
  • includes centers for controlling respiration, cardiac functionm vasomotor responses, and reflexes
  • part of the reticular system and brain stem
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5
Q

pons “bridge”

A
  • relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

- part of the brain stem

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6
Q

cerebellum

A
  • governs motor coordination for producing smooth movements

- undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias

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7
Q

SN pars compacta

A
  • provides input to the basal ganglia, supplies dopamine to the striatum
  • involved in voluntary motor control
  • undergoes neurodegeneration in PD
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8
Q

SN pars reticulata

A

-output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus

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9
Q

cortex (cerebrum)

A

-involved in processing and interpreting info (decision making, higher level functions)

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10
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary motor control, some cognitive functions

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11
Q

limbic system

A
  • emotions (amygdala)

- memory (hippocampus)

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12
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus: relay station to and from cortex

- hypothalamus: regulates internal homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control and direct neural regulation

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13
Q

How are “decisions” made in the brain

A

the senses receive info about the environment, which is passed through the thalamus to the cortex and back. this is called a cortico-thalamic loop

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14
Q

efferent neuron tracks

A

transmit signals from the cortex to the periphery

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15
Q

afferent neuron tracks

A

transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex

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16
Q

meninges

A

layers of membranes that surround the brain

  • dura (outer layer below skull)
  • arachnoid: middle
  • pia: inner layer
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17
Q

What artery does blood enter the brain through?

A

carotid

18
Q

astrocytes

A
  • provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants
  • remove excess glutamate (excitotoxic neurotransmitter)
  • support the blood-brain barrier
19
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

20
Q

microglia

A
  • provide growth factors
  • clear debris by phagocytosis
  • role in neuroinflammation
21
Q

how is neurotransmission triggered

A

-electrical depolarization of the neuron by an influx of Na ions that changes the charge polarity of the membrane

22
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

-works when an excitatory neurotransmitter acts on an ionotropic receptor, allowing Na ions to cross the membrane

23
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

  • induces hyperpolarization by allowing Cl ions to cross the membrane
  • they can decrease the magnitude of a subsequent EPSP
24
Q

GABA

A
  • major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
  • depresses neuronal excitability by increasing the flux of Cl ions into the neuron
  • there are A and B receptors
  • drugs affecting GABA are generally CNS depressants and include: sedative hypnotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics
25
Q

glycine

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the spinal cord
  • like GABA, induces hyperpolarization by allowing the inward flow of Cl ions
  • antagonized by toxic alkaloid strychnine
26
Q

glutamate

A
  • major excitatory aa neurotransmitter in the brain
  • excess glutamate can cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron
  • metabotropic (GPCRs) or ionotropic (NMDA and AMPA)
27
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

- an example is a cholinesterase inhibitor

28
Q

dopamine

A
  • drug targets include D1-D5 receptors and dopamine transporter
  • DA neurons arise from the ventral tegmental area and the SN
  • drugs that interact with DA pathways include: antipsychotics and D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists for PD
29
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • drug targets include the a and b adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the norepinephrine transporter
  • NE axons arise from the locus coeruleus in the brain stem
  • NET inhibitors are used to treat depression
30
Q

serotonin, 5-HT

A
  • drug targets are serotonin receptors and serotonin transporter
  • 5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies in the brainstem called raphe nuclei
  • serotonin systems are involved in sleep, vigilancem mood, and sexual function
  • drugs include: 5-HT2a antagonsits as atypical antipsychotics, 5-HT1D agonists for migraine, SERT uptake inhibitors for depression, 5-HT2A agonists are hallucinogenic
31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

-immune-mediated inflam disorder involving destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds neuronal axons

32
Q

sclerosis

A

scars that accumulate in the white matter of MS patients

33
Q

Genes linked to MS encode what immune related proteins?

A
  • MHC (HLA)-DR15/DR6
  • interleukin-2a receptor
  • interleukin-7a receptor
34
Q

relapsing-remitting MS

A
  • involves relapses of neurological dysfunction lasting weeks or months and affecting the brain, optic nerves and/or spinal cord.
  • multifocal areas of damage are revealed by magnetic resonanace imaging, generally in white matter
  • initial symptoms disappear, but less remission with each relapse
  • most cases of RRMS eventually enter a phase of SPMS
35
Q

Secondary progressive MS

A
  • characterized by less inflammation than RRMS

- involves slowly progressive neurological decline and CNS damage with little remission

36
Q

Primary progressive MS

A
  • resembles SPMS at the initial stage of the disease

- mean age of onset is later then RRMS

37
Q

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

A
  • initial episode of neurologic symptoms lasting more than 24hrs
  • involves inflammation and demyelination in the optic nerve, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem or spinal cord
  • most cases progress to MS
38
Q

Marburg variant of MS

A
  • aggressive form of MS involving a high degree of inflammation
  • may resemble a brain tumor in a brain scan
39
Q

Autoimmune phase

A
  • antigens released from CNS are presented to B and T cells in lymph nodes.
  • B and T cells w/high affinity receptors for these antigens are expanded and migrate to CNS sites where they-reencounter and are activated by their target ligands
  • activated B and T cells then carry out immune functions at the CNS sites
40
Q

Degenerative phase

A
  • CNS damage is triggered by activated B and T cells or by other insults such as infection or stroke
  • antigens released from damaged sites in the CNS further prime immune cells in the periphery, thus completing a vicious cycle

PHRM 845 (2 decks)

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