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Phraseology All Flashcards

1
Q

What is the focus of phraseology in English?

A

Figurative language and its use in English

Emphasis on both informal and formal layers, particularly in economic activities

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2
Q

What is Eurospeak?

A

The official language of the EU

English remains an official language post-Brexit but is termed Eurospeak

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3
Q

What are multi-word expressions (MWE)?

A

Combinations of words that vary in degree of fixedness and transparency

Examples include free combinations and established collocations

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4
Q

Define collocations

A

Habitual combinations of words that sound natural

Examples: ‘make your bed’, ‘light meal’

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5
Q

What are idioms?

A

Groups of words established by usage with meanings not deducible from individual words

Other terms include fixed expressions and phraseological units

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6
Q

What are the basic characteristics of an idiom?

A
  • Multiword character
  • Institutionalized
  • Units with special meaning
  • Relatively fixed/stable combinations
  • Non-literal meaning

Example: ‘raining cats and dogs’ means heavy rain

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7
Q

What types of idioms exist based on fixedness?

A
  • Unchangeable idioms
  • Changeable idioms

Examples: ‘once in a blue moon’ (unchangeable), ‘last straw’ (changeable)

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8
Q

What are verbal idioms?

A

Idioms that contain verbs

Examples: ‘make up one’s mind’, ‘kick the bucket’

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9
Q

What is the difference between demotivated idioms and partially motivated idioms?

A
  • Demotivated idioms: No connection between individual word meanings and overall meaning
  • Partially motivated idioms: Some connection exists

Examples: ‘red tape’ (demotivated) vs. ‘add fuel to the flames’ (partially motivated)

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10
Q

What are paremiological expressions?

A

Expressions similar to idioms, often with socio-cultural value, studied in folklore

Common terms include proverbs and sayings

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11
Q

Define proverbs.

A

Traditional fixed expressions that convey truth or wisdom

Examples: ‘out of sight, out of mind’, ‘make hay while the sun shines’

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12
Q

What are sayings?

A

Established expressions without explicit didactic aim

Examples: ‘the coast is clear’, ‘what’s your poison?’

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13
Q

What is idiomatization?

A

The process by which free expressions become fixed combinations with new meanings

Examples: ‘bite the hand that feeds you’ (ungrateful)

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14
Q

What distinguishes phraseological units (PU) from free word-groups (FWG)?

A
  • PUs are reproduced as ready-made units
  • FWGs are formed in the process of speech

PUs have stability and lack of motivation while FWGs are more flexible

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15
Q

What are phraseological fusions?

A

Semantically demotivated idioms where the meaning cannot be deduced from the components

Example: ‘red tape’

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16
Q

What are phraseological unities?

A

Expressions whose meaning can be deduced from the meanings of their components

Example: ‘show one’s teeth’ means to be unfriendly

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17
Q

What is the structural classification of PUs?

A

PUs are highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as units

They have a greater structural unity compared to FWGs

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18
Q

What does ‘to one’s guns’ mean?

A

Refuse to change one’s opinions

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19
Q

What are motivated expressions?

A

Expressions that are not only motivated but also contain both direct and metaphorical meanings

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20
Q

What is a phraseological unit (PU)?

A

Highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as word equivalents, characterized by semantic and grammatical unity

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21
Q

Name the division of stereotyped phrases.

A
  • Traditional phrases
  • Phraseological combinations
  • One-top PUs
  • Two-top PUs
  • Prepositional substantive units
  • Phraseological repetitions
  • Adverbial multi-top units
  • Idioms
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22
Q

What is the semantic structure of PUs formed by?

A

Semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning

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23
Q

What does the denotational macrocomponent contain?

A

Information about the objective reality and categorization of phenomena

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24
Q

What is the evaluation macrocomponent?

A

Information about the value of what is denoted by a PU, which can be positive, negative, or neutral

25
Define the motivational macrocomponent.
Correlates with the notion of the inner form of PU and its aptness for literal reading associated with denotational and evaluation aspects
26
What does the emotive macrocomponent express?
Contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a PU
27
What is the stylistic macrocomponent?
Indicates the communicative register and social-role relationships in which a PU is used
28
What does the grammatical macrocomponent contain?
Information about possible morphological and syntactic changes of a PU
29
What is the gender macrocomponent?
Expresses the class of objects denoted by the PU, either explicitly or implicitly
30
What are idiomatic semantic fields?
Sets of semantically related idioms connected by a common semantic denominator
31
Provide examples of idioms related to the concept of power.
* Call the tune * Call the shots * Have sb in the palm of one’s hand * Have the upper hand * Twist sb around one’s finger * Lend sb by the nose
32
What are synonymous idioms?
Idiomatic pairs or sets of expressions with the same or very close denotative meanings
33
Define antonymous idioms.
Expressions having opposite meanings expressed by different words or structures
34
What are idioms with a nominative function?
Idioms that express concepts and name objects, states, processes, actions, qualities, etc.
35
What do idioms with a communicative function do?
Describe situations and express independent statements
36
Give an example of an idiom with both nominative and communicative functions.
Break the ice – the ice is broken
37
What is the pragmatic point of view on idioms?
Idioms can express ideational, interpersonal, and relational functions
38
Categorize idioms according to Moon (1998).
* Informational idioms * Evaluative idioms * Situational idioms * Modalizing idioms * Organizational idioms
39
What are the key aspects of technical phraseology?
* Specialized terminology * Compound terms * Acronyms and initialisms * Formal and precise language * Field-specific jargon * Standardized phrases * Nominalization * Passive voice * Hedging language * Collocations
40
What does nominalization in technical writing involve?
Converting verbs into nouns to create more abstract and formal expressions
41
What is the function of passive voice in technical writing?
Maintains an objective tone and focuses on processes or results rather than actors
42
What are collocations?
Certain words frequently appear together in technical contexts, forming standard phrases ## Footnote Examples include: 'conduct an experiment', 'perform an analysis', 'draw conclusions'.
43
What is the first step in the translation approach to technical phraseology?
Identify SL phraseology ## Footnote Recognize specialized terms, compound words, acronyms, and field-specific expressions in the source text.
44
What does 'AJ' and 'SJ' stand for in the context of translation?
'AJ' stands for the original language (e.g., English), and 'SJ' stands for the target language (e.g., Slovak).
45
What is the goal of maintaining consistency in translation?
Use standardized translations for recurring terms and phrases throughout the document ## Footnote Example: 'data mining' translates to 'hĺbková analýza dát'.
46
What does preserving technical accuracy entail in translation?
Ensure that translated terms and expressions convey the same precise meaning as the source text ## Footnote Example: 'machine learning algorithm' translates to 'algoritmus strojového učenia'.
47
In technical writing, how should one handle untranslatable terms?
Consider borrowing the source term with an explanation, creating a descriptive translation, or using a generally accepted loan word ## Footnote Example: 'blockchain' translates to 'blockchain' with explanation.
48
Why is it important to address cultural differences in translation?
Be aware of cultural nuances in technical communication and adapt accordingly ## Footnote Example: 'user-friendly interface' translates to 'používateľsky prívetivé rozhranie'.
49
What is the significance of maintaining register and tone in translation?
Preserve the formal and objective style typical of technical writing in the target language ## Footnote Example: 'The system utilized advanced encryption protocols' translates to 'Systém používa pokročilé šifrovacie protokoly.'
50
What is the role of parallel texts in translation?
Refer to similar documents in the target language to ensure appropriate phraseology and style ## Footnote Example: 'cybersecurity measures' translates to 'opatrenia kybernetickej bezpečnosti'.
51
What is the purpose of collaborating with subject matter experts during translation?
Consult with field specialists to verify the accuracy and appropriateness of translated technical terms and expressions ## Footnote Example: 'quantum entanglement' translates to 'kvantové previazanie'.
52
What does creating glossaries involve in the context of translation?
Develop and maintain terminology databases for consistent translation of technical phraseology across projects ## Footnote Example: 'artificial intelligence' translates to 'umelá inteligencia'.
53
What should a translator do to stay updated?
Keep abreast of evolving terminology and phraseology in both source and target languages within specific technical fields ## Footnote Example: '5G network' translates to '5G site'.
54
What is a contrastive view of idioms?
When comparing idioms in two languages, one has idiomatic equivalents and non-idiomatic equivalents.
55
What are absolute equivalents in idiomatic expressions?
Idioms based on identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.
56
Provide an example of a similar equivalent idiom.
'time is money' translates to 'čas sú peniaze'.
57
What are relative equivalents in idiomatic expressions?
Idioms with identical meanings based on different symbolism and imagery.
58
Provide an example of a partially different equivalent idiom.
'drink like a fish' translates to 'piť ako dúha'.
59
What is an example of relative equivalents proper?
'kick the bucket' translates to 'otrčiť kopytá'.

Phraseology (1 decks)

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