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Phraseology All Flashcards

1
Q

What is the focus of phraseology in English?

A

Figurative language and its use in English

Emphasis on both informal and formal layers, particularly in economic activities

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2
Q

What is Eurospeak?

A

The official language of the EU

English remains an official language post-Brexit but is termed Eurospeak

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3
Q

What are multi-word expressions (MWE)?

A

Combinations of words that vary in degree of fixedness and transparency

Examples include free combinations and established collocations

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4
Q

Define collocations

A

Habitual combinations of words that sound natural

Examples: ‘make your bed’, ‘light meal’

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5
Q

What are idioms?

A

Groups of words established by usage with meanings not deducible from individual words

Other terms include fixed expressions and phraseological units

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6
Q

What are the basic characteristics of an idiom?

A
  • Multiword character
  • Institutionalized
  • Units with special meaning
  • Relatively fixed/stable combinations
  • Non-literal meaning

Example: ‘raining cats and dogs’ means heavy rain

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7
Q

What types of idioms exist based on fixedness?

A
  • Unchangeable idioms
  • Changeable idioms

Examples: ‘once in a blue moon’ (unchangeable), ‘last straw’ (changeable)

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8
Q

What are verbal idioms?

A

Idioms that contain verbs

Examples: ‘make up one’s mind’, ‘kick the bucket’

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9
Q

What is the difference between demotivated idioms and partially motivated idioms?

A
  • Demotivated idioms: No connection between individual word meanings and overall meaning
  • Partially motivated idioms: Some connection exists

Examples: ‘red tape’ (demotivated) vs. ‘add fuel to the flames’ (partially motivated)

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10
Q

What are paremiological expressions?

A

Expressions similar to idioms, often with socio-cultural value, studied in folklore

Common terms include proverbs and sayings

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11
Q

Define proverbs.

A

Traditional fixed expressions that convey truth or wisdom

Examples: ‘out of sight, out of mind’, ‘make hay while the sun shines’

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12
Q

What are sayings?

A

Established expressions without explicit didactic aim

Examples: ‘the coast is clear’, ‘what’s your poison?’

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13
Q

What is idiomatization?

A

The process by which free expressions become fixed combinations with new meanings

Examples: ‘bite the hand that feeds you’ (ungrateful)

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14
Q

What distinguishes phraseological units (PU) from free word-groups (FWG)?

A
  • PUs are reproduced as ready-made units
  • FWGs are formed in the process of speech

PUs have stability and lack of motivation while FWGs are more flexible

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15
Q

What are phraseological fusions?

A

Semantically demotivated idioms where the meaning cannot be deduced from the components

Example: ‘red tape’

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16
Q

What are phraseological unities?

A

Expressions whose meaning can be deduced from the meanings of their components

Example: ‘show one’s teeth’ means to be unfriendly

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17
Q

What is the structural classification of PUs?

A

PUs are highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as units

They have a greater structural unity compared to FWGs

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18
Q

What does ‘to one’s guns’ mean?

A

Refuse to change one’s opinions

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19
Q

What are motivated expressions?

A

Expressions that are not only motivated but also contain both direct and metaphorical meanings

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20
Q

What is a phraseological unit (PU)?

A

Highly idiomatic set expressions functioning as word equivalents, characterized by semantic and grammatical unity

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21
Q

Name the division of stereotyped phrases.

A
  • Traditional phrases
  • Phraseological combinations
  • One-top PUs
  • Two-top PUs
  • Prepositional substantive units
  • Phraseological repetitions
  • Adverbial multi-top units
  • Idioms
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22
Q

What is the semantic structure of PUs formed by?

A

Semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning

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23
Q

What does the denotational macrocomponent contain?

A

Information about the objective reality and categorization of phenomena

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24
Q

What is the evaluation macrocomponent?

A

Information about the value of what is denoted by a PU, which can be positive, negative, or neutral

25
Q

Define the motivational macrocomponent.

A

Correlates with the notion of the inner form of PU and its aptness for literal reading associated with denotational and evaluation aspects

26
Q

What does the emotive macrocomponent express?

A

Contents of subjective modality expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a PU

27
Q

What is the stylistic macrocomponent?

A

Indicates the communicative register and social-role relationships in which a PU is used

28
Q

What does the grammatical macrocomponent contain?

A

Information about possible morphological and syntactic changes of a PU

29
Q

What is the gender macrocomponent?

A

Expresses the class of objects denoted by the PU, either explicitly or implicitly

30
Q

What are idiomatic semantic fields?

A

Sets of semantically related idioms connected by a common semantic denominator

31
Q

Provide examples of idioms related to the concept of power.

A
  • Call the tune
  • Call the shots
  • Have sb in the palm of one’s hand
  • Have the upper hand
  • Twist sb around one’s finger
  • Lend sb by the nose
32
Q

What are synonymous idioms?

A

Idiomatic pairs or sets of expressions with the same or very close denotative meanings

33
Q

Define antonymous idioms.

A

Expressions having opposite meanings expressed by different words or structures

34
Q

What are idioms with a nominative function?

A

Idioms that express concepts and name objects, states, processes, actions, qualities, etc.

35
Q

What do idioms with a communicative function do?

A

Describe situations and express independent statements

36
Q

Give an example of an idiom with both nominative and communicative functions.

A

Break the ice – the ice is broken

37
Q

What is the pragmatic point of view on idioms?

A

Idioms can express ideational, interpersonal, and relational functions

38
Q

Categorize idioms according to Moon (1998).

A
  • Informational idioms
  • Evaluative idioms
  • Situational idioms
  • Modalizing idioms
  • Organizational idioms
39
Q

What are the key aspects of technical phraseology?

A
  • Specialized terminology
  • Compound terms
  • Acronyms and initialisms
  • Formal and precise language
  • Field-specific jargon
  • Standardized phrases
  • Nominalization
  • Passive voice
  • Hedging language
  • Collocations
40
Q

What does nominalization in technical writing involve?

A

Converting verbs into nouns to create more abstract and formal expressions

41
Q

What is the function of passive voice in technical writing?

A

Maintains an objective tone and focuses on processes or results rather than actors

42
Q

What are collocations?

A

Certain words frequently appear together in technical contexts, forming standard phrases

Examples include: ‘conduct an experiment’, ‘perform an analysis’, ‘draw conclusions’.

43
Q

What is the first step in the translation approach to technical phraseology?

A

Identify SL phraseology

Recognize specialized terms, compound words, acronyms, and field-specific expressions in the source text.

44
Q

What does ‘AJ’ and ‘SJ’ stand for in the context of translation?

A

‘AJ’ stands for the original language (e.g., English), and ‘SJ’ stands for the target language (e.g., Slovak).

45
Q

What is the goal of maintaining consistency in translation?

A

Use standardized translations for recurring terms and phrases throughout the document

Example: ‘data mining’ translates to ‘hĺbková analýza dát’.

46
Q

What does preserving technical accuracy entail in translation?

A

Ensure that translated terms and expressions convey the same precise meaning as the source text

Example: ‘machine learning algorithm’ translates to ‘algoritmus strojového učenia’.

47
Q

In technical writing, how should one handle untranslatable terms?

A

Consider borrowing the source term with an explanation, creating a descriptive translation, or using a generally accepted loan word

Example: ‘blockchain’ translates to ‘blockchain’ with explanation.

48
Q

Why is it important to address cultural differences in translation?

A

Be aware of cultural nuances in technical communication and adapt accordingly

Example: ‘user-friendly interface’ translates to ‘používateľsky prívetivé rozhranie’.

49
Q

What is the significance of maintaining register and tone in translation?

A

Preserve the formal and objective style typical of technical writing in the target language

Example: ‘The system utilized advanced encryption protocols’ translates to ‘Systém používa pokročilé šifrovacie protokoly.’

50
Q

What is the role of parallel texts in translation?

A

Refer to similar documents in the target language to ensure appropriate phraseology and style

Example: ‘cybersecurity measures’ translates to ‘opatrenia kybernetickej bezpečnosti’.

51
Q

What is the purpose of collaborating with subject matter experts during translation?

A

Consult with field specialists to verify the accuracy and appropriateness of translated technical terms and expressions

Example: ‘quantum entanglement’ translates to ‘kvantové previazanie’.

52
Q

What does creating glossaries involve in the context of translation?

A

Develop and maintain terminology databases for consistent translation of technical phraseology across projects

Example: ‘artificial intelligence’ translates to ‘umelá inteligencia’.

53
Q

What should a translator do to stay updated?

A

Keep abreast of evolving terminology and phraseology in both source and target languages within specific technical fields

Example: ‘5G network’ translates to ‘5G site’.

54
Q

What is a contrastive view of idioms?

A

When comparing idioms in two languages, one has idiomatic equivalents and non-idiomatic equivalents.

55
Q

What are absolute equivalents in idiomatic expressions?

A

Idioms based on identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.

56
Q

Provide an example of a similar equivalent idiom.

A

‘time is money’ translates to ‘čas sú peniaze’.

57
Q

What are relative equivalents in idiomatic expressions?

A

Idioms with identical meanings based on different symbolism and imagery.

58
Q

Provide an example of a partially different equivalent idiom.

A

‘drink like a fish’ translates to ‘piť ako dúha’.

59
Q

What is an example of relative equivalents proper?

A

‘kick the bucket’ translates to ‘otrčiť kopytá’.

Phraseology (1 decks)

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