Photosynthesis L8-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chlorophyll? Where is it located

A

A specialized light absorbing green pigment - located inside chloroplasts inside mesophyll cells

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2
Q

Is photosynthesis efficient?

A

Not very - only 4% of sunlight is used

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3
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

The process of transforming light energy into usable energy (ATP/NADPH) which is then stored in chemical bonds of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Describe why leaves are optimal organs for light absorption

A

They have a thin cross section and flat surface which allow for a cell organization that maximizes light capture/gas exchange and take little energy to produce

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5
Q

How much of the light spectrum can plants use?

A

The visible light spectrum only

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6
Q

What portion of the light spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Blue and red (400-450/650-700)

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7
Q

What pigments absorb the rest of the light if chlorophyll doesnt?

A

Bacteriochlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
phycoerythin
beta-carotene

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8
Q

What are the 2 groups of pigments other than chlorophyll, and briefly summarize them

A

Carotenoids- accessory pigments that absorb between 400-500, anti-oxidant properties and prevent light damage (photo-protective role)
Bilin pigments
Accessory pigments
absorb between 400-500

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9
Q

How does chlorophyll absorption work?

A

It absorbs light photons which changes its energy state
Blue light excites chlorophyll more than red light
the excited state makes the pigment unstable

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10
Q

After absorption by chlorophyll what are the routes the energy may go

A

Heat-energy loss
Re-emittance of longer wavelength - fluorescence
Energy transfer- resonance transfer
Photochemistry- absorption with electron transfer

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11
Q

Summarize chloroplast anatomy

A

Relatively large
One circular chromosome
Arise from pre-existing chloroplasts or precursor proplastids
3 Membranes

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12
Q

What are the 3 membranes in chloroplasts

A

Outer- relatively permeable & contains porins
Inner - Very impermeable, requires transporters
Thylakoid- site of light reactions, contains integral proteins and pigments

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13
Q

What are the four protein complexes within the thylakoid membrane and what is their arrangement?

A

Photosystem 2
Cytochrome b6f complex
Photosystem 1
ATP synthase
They have a vectorial arrangement

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14
Q

Define resonance transfer

A

Vibrational transfer which passes energy down the energy gradient from pigments to reaction center chlorophyll - used for light absorbed by accessory pigments

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15
Q

What is the importance of P680+?

A

It is the strongest oxidizing agent in biological systems

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16
Q

Quickly summarize the difference between PS 1 and PS 2

A

in PS 2 Water is split and oxygen is released, it is a part of non cyclic electron flow
Cyclic electron flow uses only PS1

17
Q

Summarize non cyclic electron flow

A

Z- scheme
5 steps
photo absorbtion
oxidation of water
ETC p1
ETC p2
Photophosphorylation
Uses both photosystems
Splits H20

18
Q

What does the non-cyclic pathway produce?

A

Equal amounts ATP and NADPH

19
Q

Briefly summarize cyclic electron flow

A

No water and no oxygen used
ATP produced
Electron from P700 moves to ferredoxin and is then transfered into PQ and CYTb6f
transferred into lumen and replace with plastocyanin
then generates ATP through ATP synthase in protein gradient

20
Q

What are carbon reactions?

A

Reactions indirectly regulated by light
Allows photoautotrophic organisms to reduce CO2 to CH2O
Converts chemical energy to stored energy within carbohydrates
Occur in chloroplast stroma

21
Q

What are the 3 phases of the carbon reactions?

A

Carboxylation
Reduction
RuBp regeneration

22
Q

What are the products of the carbon reaction?

A

6 G3P molecules/ 3CO2 used

23
Q

Where do the 6 G3P molecules from carbon reactions go?

A

5 are used for RuBP regeneration
1 is used to produce sugars and starch

24
Q

Define retrograde regulation

A

Plastid controls nucleus

25
Q

Define anterograde regulation

A

Nucleus controls plastid