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Bio 20 > Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Photon

A

Individual packet of energy that corresponds to a small unit of energy of a particular wavelength
(Short-high long-low)

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2
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened cells in the chloroplast of plants and they are stacked into columns . Also closed in individual membranes.

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3
Q

Granum

A

A column of thylakoids

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4
Q

Thylakoid lumen

A

The water- space inside of a individual thylakoids which is inclosed in a membrane.

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5
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Located in the thylakoid membrane… it is a green pigment that absorbs photons from solar energy and it begins the process of photosynthesis.
Leaves APPEAR green because they reflect the green/yellow wavelengths of light.

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6
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid that fills the inside of the chloroplast around the thylakoids. Where sugars are made!

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7
Q

ATP

A

A chemical that all living cells provide for immediate every to function.
Formed by the addition of an inorganic phosphate (p) to a molecule of ADP.

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8
Q

ADP

A

A molecule containing 2 high energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP

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9
Q

NADP+

A

A compound that accepts one hydrogen and 2 electrons.

An electron acceptor.

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10
Q

NADPH

A

A compound that donated one hydrogen atom and 2 electrons to another molecule.
An electron donor.

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11
Q

Light independent reactions

A

Co2 is incorporated into reaction to make glucose (carbon fixation).
Reactions take place in the stroma.
Use ATO and high energy electrons from NADPH.
Known as the Calvin cycle.

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12
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Occurs in a light independent reaction.
Occurs in both light and dark.
Sugar is made from co2,ATP,NADPH.
3 phases: co2 fixation, reduction, replacing RuBP.
•RuBP + CO2 makes phosphoglycerates
•phosphoglycerates + ATP + NADPH makes 6G3P (one is used!)
• 5G3P + ATP makes RuBP (restarts it!)

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13
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

Requires photons and chlorophyll.
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
Using solar energy, photolysis occurs
A. Using PS2 Electron pulls hydrogen into the lumen
B. Electrons energy is used up, and the hydrogen inside the lumen builds up charge
C. Electrons are transferred to PS1 and are energized by the light
D. Once the electron is high energy again, it is transferred to NADP+ to NADPH (revives a photon)
E. In a burst of energy, the hydrogen escapes the lumen and forms ADP + P to make ATP

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14
Q

Photolysis

A

The process of splitting a water molecule into its hydrogen groups… used in the light dependent reaction on the membrane.

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15
Q

Photosystem 1 and 2

A

2 occurs first!

Used in the process of a light dependent reaction.
They are clusters of photosynthetic pigments that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
They absorb light and raise electron energy levels.

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16
Q

Loss of electrons is referred to as..

A

Oxidation

17
Q

Gain of electrons is referred to as…

A

Reduction

18
Q

ATP synthesizing complexes

A

Special complexes that do let hydrogen escape the lumen. When escaping, it creates a rush of energy which is known as chemiosmosis which synthesizes ATP.

19
Q

Parts of a chloroplast

A

Outer membrane, inner membrane, granum, thylakoid and stroma.

20
Q

NADH

A

Electron donor

21
Q

NAD+

A

Electron acceptor

22
Q

FADH2

A

Electron donor

23
Q

FAD+

A

Electron acceptor

24
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane bound carrier proteins and energy from ATP.
Can be used to nice substances either into or out of a cell.

25
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of the cell.
ATP is required!

26
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A 
18 times more ATP than anaerobic 
Reactions in the cell that take place in the presence of oxygen.
End product: 36 ATP
Stage one: glycolysis 
Stage two: pyruvate oxidation
Stage three: Krebs cycle
Stage four: Electron Transport Chain
Glucose + oxygen + ADP + P makes
Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
27
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A 
Reactions in the cell that take place in the ABSENCE of oxygen.
End product: 2 ATP
Stage one: glycolysis 
Stage two: fermentation (either alcohol or lactic acid)
Glucose + ADP + P makes 
ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP
OR
Glucose + ADP + P makes
Lactic acid + ATP
28
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell.

Parts: inner and outer membranes, mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, cristae

29
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

A protein rich liquid that fills the inner most space ( squiggly!)

30
Q

Intermembrane space

A

Lies between the inner and outer membranes

31
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

Formed in the matrix
Connects glycolysis with the kerbs cycle.
1- co2 removed
2- NAD+ is reduced by 2 hydrogen atoms which makes it turn into NADH for chemiosmosis
3- coenzyme A (coa) is attached to acid groups to form COA

32
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Starts with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis so it can continue. Creates ethanol and co2 from glucose.
Recycles NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

33
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Starts with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis so it can continue. Produces lactic acid from glucose.
Recycled NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

34
Q

Glycolysis

A 
The first step in either aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration.
Doesn't require oxygen.
Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Starts with glucose and  2 ATP...
2 ATP turns into 2 ADP + P

NAD+ turns into NADH

ADP + P turns into 4 ATP
Ends in 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP!

35
Q

Krebs cycle

A

An 8 step process.
Each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme.
Cycle reaction because one of the final products (4 carbon compound) is a reactant in step #1.
Process occurs 2 times per glucose molecule.
1- glucose molecule becomes oxidized to produce co2 (waste)
2- COA goes in
3- end: 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
Main goal is to transfer energy from original glucose to NADG and FADH2 which is used for the ETC

36
Q

ETC

A

Occurs in the membrane.
Releases large quantities of energy as NADH and FADH2 transfer their hydrogen electrons to produce H20 which is a byproduct
After ATP molecules formed by chemiosmosis are transported through mitochondrial membranes into the cytoplasm… the result is used for a number of processes.

37
Q

Raw materials needed for photosynthesis

A

Water and co2

Bio 20 (1 decks)

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