Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Photon

Answer 1

Individual packet of energy that corresponds to a small unit of energy of a particular wavelength
(Short-high long-low)

Question 2

Thylakoid

Answer 2

Flattened cells in the chloroplast of plants and they are stacked into columns . Also closed in individual membranes.

Question 3

Granum

Answer 3

A column of thylakoids

Question 4

Thylakoid lumen

Answer 4

The water- space inside of a individual thylakoids which is inclosed in a membrane.

Question 5

Chlorophyll

Answer 5

Located in the thylakoid membrane… it is a green pigment that absorbs photons from solar energy and it begins the process of photosynthesis.
Leaves APPEAR green because they reflect the green/yellow wavelengths of light.

Question 6

Stroma

Answer 6

The fluid that fills the inside of the chloroplast around the thylakoids. Where sugars are made!

Question 7

ATP

Answer 7

A chemical that all living cells provide for immediate every to function.
Formed by the addition of an inorganic phosphate (p) to a molecule of ADP.

Question 8

ADP

Answer 8

A molecule containing 2 high energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP

Question 9

NADP+

Answer 9

A compound that accepts one hydrogen and 2 electrons.

An electron acceptor.

Question 10

NADPH

Answer 10

A compound that donated one hydrogen atom and 2 electrons to another molecule.
An electron donor.

Question 11

Light independent reactions

Answer 11

Co2 is incorporated into reaction to make glucose (carbon fixation).
Reactions take place in the stroma.
Use ATO and high energy electrons from NADPH.
Known as the Calvin cycle.

Question 12

Calvin cycle

Answer 12

Occurs in a light independent reaction.
Occurs in both light and dark.
Sugar is made from co2,ATP,NADPH.
3 phases: co2 fixation, reduction, replacing RuBP.
•RuBP + CO2 makes phosphoglycerates
•phosphoglycerates + ATP + NADPH makes 6G3P (one is used!)
• 5G3P + ATP makes RuBP (restarts it!)

Question 13

Light dependent reactions

Answer 13

Requires photons and chlorophyll.
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
Using solar energy, photolysis occurs
A. Using PS2 Electron pulls hydrogen into the lumen
B. Electrons energy is used up, and the hydrogen inside the lumen builds up charge
C. Electrons are transferred to PS1 and are energized by the light
D. Once the electron is high energy again, it is transferred to NADP+ to NADPH (revives a photon)
E. In a burst of energy, the hydrogen escapes the lumen and forms ADP + P to make ATP

Question 14

Photolysis

Answer 14

The process of splitting a water molecule into its hydrogen groups… used in the light dependent reaction on the membrane.

Question 15

Photosystem 1 and 2

Answer 15

2 occurs first!

Used in the process of a light dependent reaction.
They are clusters of photosynthetic pigments that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
They absorb light and raise electron energy levels.

Question 16

Loss of electrons is referred to as..

Answer 16

Oxidation

Question 17

Gain of electrons is referred to as…

Answer 17

Reduction

Question 18

ATP synthesizing complexes

Answer 18

Special complexes that do let hydrogen escape the lumen. When escaping, it creates a rush of energy which is known as chemiosmosis which synthesizes ATP.

Question 19

Parts of a chloroplast

Answer 19

Outer membrane, inner membrane, granum, thylakoid and stroma.

Question 20

NADH

Answer 20

Electron donor

Question 21

NAD+

Answer 21

Electron acceptor

Question 22

FADH2

Answer 22

Electron donor

Question 23

FAD+

Answer 23

Electron acceptor

Question 24

Active transport

Answer 24

The movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane bound carrier proteins and energy from ATP.
Can be used to nice substances either into or out of a cell.

Question 25

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer 25

An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of the cell. ATP is required!

Question 26

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 26

``` 18 times more ATP than anaerobic Reactions in the cell that take place in the presence of oxygen. End product: 36 ATP Stage one: glycolysis Stage two: pyruvate oxidation Stage three: Krebs cycle Stage four: Electron Transport Chain Glucose + oxygen + ADP + P makes Carbon dioxide + water + ATP ```

Question 27

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 27

``` Reactions in the cell that take place in the ABSENCE of oxygen. End product: 2 ATP Stage one: glycolysis Stage two: fermentation (either alcohol or lactic acid) Glucose + ADP + P makes ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP OR Glucose + ADP + P makes Lactic acid + ATP ```

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

Powerhouse of the cell. | Parts: inner and outer membranes, mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, cristae

Question 29

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 29

A protein rich liquid that fills the inner most space ( squiggly!)

Question 30

Intermembrane space

Answer 30

Lies between the inner and outer membranes

Question 31

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 31

Formed in the matrix Connects glycolysis with the kerbs cycle. 1- co2 removed 2- NAD+ is reduced by 2 hydrogen atoms which makes it turn into NADH for chemiosmosis 3- coenzyme A (coa) is attached to acid groups to form COA

Question 32

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 32

Starts with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis so it can continue. Creates ethanol and co2 from glucose. Recycles NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Question 33

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 33

Starts with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis so it can continue. Produces lactic acid from glucose. Recycled NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Question 34

Glycolysis

Answer 34

``` The first step in either aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration. Doesn't require oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Starts with glucose and 2 ATP... 2 ATP turns into 2 ADP + P ``` NAD+ turns into NADH ADP + P turns into 4 ATP Ends in 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP!

Question 35

Krebs cycle

Answer 35

An 8 step process. Each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme. Cycle reaction because one of the final products (4 carbon compound) is a reactant in step #1. Process occurs 2 times per glucose molecule. 1- glucose molecule becomes oxidized to produce co2 (waste) 2- COA goes in 3- end: 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 Main goal is to transfer energy from original glucose to NADG and FADH2 which is used for the ETC

Question 36

ETC

Answer 36

Occurs in the membrane. Releases large quantities of energy as NADH and FADH2 transfer their hydrogen electrons to produce H20 which is a byproduct After ATP molecules formed by chemiosmosis are transported through mitochondrial membranes into the cytoplasm... the result is used for a number of processes.

Question 37

Raw materials needed for photosynthesis

Answer 37

Water and co2