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BIO 181 > Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Aquaporins

A

Protein channels that help diffuse water more readily.

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2
Q

Facilitated difusion

A

A way that cells can be diffused for readily than passive diffusion. By moving through a protein channel or carrier.

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3
Q

Carrier Mediated Diffision

A

Induces change in the carrier membrane protein allowing the molecule to be transported across the lipid bilayer.

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4
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Permits molecules to move against their concentration gradients.

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5
Q

Active Transport

A

When substances move across their concentration gradients and require energy.

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6
Q

Symporters/Contransporters

A

Are transporters that move two molecules in the same direction

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7
Q

Antiporter

A

Pumping molecules in opposite directions.

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8
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Using one gradients to drive transport against another.

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9
Q

Cell Wall

A

Only in plant cells; Rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane and resists cell expansion when the cell takes in water.

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10
Q

Features of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, ER, Lysosomes, cytoskeleton and golgi apparatus.

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11
Q

Features of a plant cell

A

Cell Wall, chloroplasts, Vacuoles and everything else is the same as the animal cell.

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12
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Membrane protein opening that small molecules and ions can passively diffuse but large proteins and RNA require active transport.

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13
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Defines the boundary of the nucleus; has an inner and outer membrane.

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14
Q

Nuclear localization signal

A

is on the internal signal to the nucleus.

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes and is the primary

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16
Q

Rough ER

A

associated with ribosomes. Many proteins including those that are destines for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.

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17
Q

SER

A

presominates in cells specialized for the production of lipids.

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18
Q

Lumen

A

opening

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19
Q

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

A

a. ) binds to signal sequence in the amino terminal end of the growing peptide and halts translation.
b. ) The SRP binds to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane.
c. ) SRP receptor brings the ribosome to a transmembrance channel
d. ) protein ends up in the lumen of the ER.

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20
Q

Polypeptides containing a signal anchor sequence are inserted where?

A

The RER membrane.

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21
Q

Glycosylation

A

Sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins as they move through the Golgi.

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialized Vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade damaged or unneeded molecules.

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23
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplast are not apart of

A

The endomembrane system. They both harness energy for the cell and contain their own genomes, grow and multiply independently of other membrane compartments.

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24
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders,; make their own organic sources of carbon

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25
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Other feeders; rely on other organisms for their sources of carbon

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

Building and breaking down of carbon sources to harness or release energy

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27
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of molecules into smaller units producing ATP

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28
Q

Anabolism

A

Building of molecules from smaller units requiring an input of energy; ATP

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29
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy not associated with movement but rather is stored energy.

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30
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion. Forms of kinetic energy include light, electricity and thermal energy.

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31
Q

Potential energy

A

Released when there is a change in the objects structure or position.

32
Q

Carbohydrate catabolism

A

Carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because the electrons shared in bonds are far from the nuclei of the atoms in the bond.

Because glucose is oxidized slowly in a controlled manner the chemical energy store in glucose can be harnessed in the chemical bonds of the other molecules such as ATP and electron carriers.

33
Q

Two important electron carriers

A

NADH and FADH

34
Q

Substrate-Level phosphorylation

A

A phosphorylated organic molecule transfers a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP

35
Q

Substrate phosphorylation occurs during what stages

A

1 glycolysis and 3 the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration.

36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Starting molecule: Six-carbon glucose

End product: 3-carbon pyruvate molecule two pyruvate molecules are produced for each glucose molecule.

anaerobic process because oxygen is not consumed.

37
Q

Mitochondrion

A

has an inner and outer membrane that define two spaces.

38
Q

The space between the inner and outer membrane in the mitochondria is

A

The intermembrane space.

39
Q

The space inside the inner membrane in the mitochondria is

A

the mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

Pyruvate from glucolysis is transported where and converted into what?

A

Mitochondrial matrix and converted to acetyl-CoA

41
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Starting molecule that is regenerated in the citric acid cycle.

42
Q

Electron transport chain

A

is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

43
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Protons in the intermembrane space are able to diffuse down their electrical and concentration gradients through a transmembrane protein channel

44
Q

Where do animals store glucose?

A

Glycogen

45
Q

Where do plants store glucose?

A

Starch.

46
Q

Citrate

A

is the first product of the citric acid cycle.

47
Q

Photosynthesis

A

major pathway by which energy and carbon are incorporated into carbohydrates.

48
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Three step process that results in the incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates,

49
Q

Rubisco

A

A very slow enzyme; must be produced in very large amounts; sensitive to high O2.

50
Q

Regeneration of RuBP

A

multistep process, 3 carbon compounds are reorganized and combined to produce RuBP.

51
Q

Pigments

A

Molecules that absorb some wavelengths of visible light

52
Q

Chlorophyll

A

photosynthetic pigment it appears to green

53
Q

Carotenoids

A

absorb light in regions of the visible that are poorly absorbed by chlorophyll

54
Q

Reaction Center

A

Energy passed from chlorophyll to chlorophyll until it reaches a specially configured pair of chlorophyll molecules.

55
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Not sufficiently strong oxidant to split water.

56
Q

Photosystem 2

A

Can’t produce electrons with enough energy to form NADPH.

57
Q

Signal Transduction

A

is the conversion of a signal from one form to another.

58
Q

Where do cells receive signals from

A

physical environment and from other cells.

59
Q

To respond to a cell must have what to detect the signal?

A

A specific receptor.

60
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

series of steps involved in a cells response to a signal.

61
Q

Endocrine

A

Signaling by molecules that travel through the blood stream. (Long distance)

62
Q

Paracrine

A

Diffusion of signaling molecule over a short distance to the nearest neighboring cells.

63
Q

Autocrine

A

When the signaling cell and the responding cell are one and the same.

64
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Communication through direct physical contact without a chemical signal that diffuses or circulates through an external medium.

65
Q

Examples of endocrine signaling molecules are

A

Adrenaline, estrogen and testosterone.

66
Q

Paracrine and autocrine signaling are especially important to multi cellular organism during what?

A

Embryonic development.

67
Q

Ligand

A

Signaling molecule

68
Q

Ligand-binding site

A

location on the receptor to which the ligand binds.

69
Q

Is the G protein when bound to GTP active or inactive?

A

Active.

70
Q

Is the G protein when bound to GDP is active or inactive?

A

Inactive

71
Q

Second Messengers

A

Signaling pathways also inolve small non protein water-soluble molecules or ions

72
Q

Second messengers do what to the signal?

A

Amplify

73
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme that adds phosphate group to another molecule in the process of phosphorylation.

74
Q

Phosphatase

A

an enzyme that removes a phosphate group.

75
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

are receptors that alter the flow of ions across the plasma membrane.

76
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Signaling molecule released by the neuron in Ligand gated ion channels.

77
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

are bound to acetylcholine a conformational change takes place allowing sodium ions to rush into the muscle cells.

BIO 181 (2 decks)

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