Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 181 > Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Aquaporins

A

Protein channels that help diffuse water more readily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Facilitated difusion

A

A way that cells can be diffused for readily than passive diffusion. By moving through a protein channel or carrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carrier Mediated Diffision

A

Induces change in the carrier membrane protein allowing the molecule to be transported across the lipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Permits molecules to move against their concentration gradients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Active Transport

A

When substances move across their concentration gradients and require energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symporters/Contransporters

A

Are transporters that move two molecules in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antiporter

A

Pumping molecules in opposite directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Using one gradients to drive transport against another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell Wall

A

Only in plant cells; Rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane and resists cell expansion when the cell takes in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Features of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, ER, Lysosomes, cytoskeleton and golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Features of a plant cell

A

Cell Wall, chloroplasts, Vacuoles and everything else is the same as the animal cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Membrane protein opening that small molecules and ions can passively diffuse but large proteins and RNA require active transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Defines the boundary of the nucleus; has an inner and outer membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nuclear localization signal

A

is on the internal signal to the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes and is the primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rough ER

A

associated with ribosomes. Many proteins including those that are destines for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SER

A

presominates in cells specialized for the production of lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumen

A

opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

A

a. ) binds to signal sequence in the amino terminal end of the growing peptide and halts translation.
b. ) The SRP binds to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane.
c. ) SRP receptor brings the ribosome to a transmembrance channel
d. ) protein ends up in the lumen of the ER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polypeptides containing a signal anchor sequence are inserted where?

A

The RER membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glycosylation

A

Sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins as they move through the Golgi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialized Vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade damaged or unneeded molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplast are not apart of

A

The endomembrane system. They both harness energy for the cell and contain their own genomes, grow and multiply independently of other membrane compartments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders,; make their own organic sources of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Heterotrophs
Other feeders; rely on other organisms for their sources of carbon
26
Metabolism
Building and breaking down of carbon sources to harness or release energy
27
Catabolism
The breakdown of molecules into smaller units producing ATP
28
Anabolism
Building of molecules from smaller units requiring an input of energy; ATP
29
Potential energy
Energy not associated with movement but rather is stored energy.
30
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion. Forms of kinetic energy include light, electricity and thermal energy.
31
Potential energy
Released when there is a change in the objects structure or position.
32
Carbohydrate catabolism
Carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because the electrons shared in bonds are far from the nuclei of the atoms in the bond. Because glucose is oxidized slowly in a controlled manner the chemical energy store in glucose can be harnessed in the chemical bonds of the other molecules such as ATP and electron carriers.
33
Two important electron carriers
NADH and FADH
34
Substrate-Level phosphorylation
A phosphorylated organic molecule transfers a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP
35
Substrate phosphorylation occurs during what stages
1 glycolysis and 3 the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration.
36
Glycolysis
Starting molecule: Six-carbon glucose End product: 3-carbon pyruvate molecule two pyruvate molecules are produced for each glucose molecule. anaerobic process because oxygen is not consumed.
37
Mitochondrion
has an inner and outer membrane that define two spaces.
38
The space between the inner and outer membrane in the mitochondria is
The intermembrane space.
39
The space inside the inner membrane in the mitochondria is
the mitochondrial matrix
40
Pyruvate from glucolysis is transported where and converted into what?
Mitochondrial matrix and converted to acetyl-CoA
41
Oxaloacetate
Starting molecule that is regenerated in the citric acid cycle.
42
Electron transport chain
is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
43
ATP Synthase
Protons in the intermembrane space are able to diffuse down their electrical and concentration gradients through a transmembrane protein channel
44
Where do animals store glucose?
Glycogen
45
Where do plants store glucose?
Starch.
46
Citrate
is the first product of the citric acid cycle.
47
Photosynthesis
major pathway by which energy and carbon are incorporated into carbohydrates.
48
Calvin cycle
Three step process that results in the incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates,
49
Rubisco
A very slow enzyme; must be produced in very large amounts; sensitive to high O2.
50
Regeneration of RuBP
multistep process, 3 carbon compounds are reorganized and combined to produce RuBP.
51
Pigments
Molecules that absorb some wavelengths of visible light
52
Chlorophyll
photosynthetic pigment it appears to green
53
Carotenoids
absorb light in regions of the visible that are poorly absorbed by chlorophyll
54
Reaction Center
Energy passed from chlorophyll to chlorophyll until it reaches a specially configured pair of chlorophyll molecules.
55
Photosystem 1
Not sufficiently strong oxidant to split water.
56
Photosystem 2
Can't produce electrons with enough energy to form NADPH.
57
Signal Transduction
is the conversion of a signal from one form to another.
58
Where do cells receive signals from
physical environment and from other cells.
59
To respond to a cell must have what to detect the signal?
A specific receptor.
60
Signal transduction pathway
series of steps involved in a cells response to a signal.
61
Endocrine
Signaling by molecules that travel through the blood stream. (Long distance)
62
Paracrine
Diffusion of signaling molecule over a short distance to the nearest neighboring cells.
63
Autocrine
When the signaling cell and the responding cell are one and the same.
64
Juxtacrine
Communication through direct physical contact without a chemical signal that diffuses or circulates through an external medium.
65
Examples of endocrine signaling molecules are
Adrenaline, estrogen and testosterone.
66
Paracrine and autocrine signaling are especially important to multi cellular organism during what?
Embryonic development.
67
Ligand
Signaling molecule
68
Ligand-binding site
location on the receptor to which the ligand binds.
69
Is the G protein when bound to GTP active or inactive?
Active.
70
Is the G protein when bound to GDP is active or inactive?
Inactive
71
Second Messengers
Signaling pathways also inolve small non protein water-soluble molecules or ions
72
Second messengers do what to the signal?
Amplify
73
Kinase
An enzyme that adds phosphate group to another molecule in the process of phosphorylation.
74
Phosphatase
an enzyme that removes a phosphate group.
75
Ligand gated ion channels
are receptors that alter the flow of ions across the plasma membrane.
76
Acetylcholine
Signaling molecule released by the neuron in Ligand gated ion channels.
77
Acetylcholine receptors
are bound to acetylcholine a conformational change takes place allowing sodium ions to rush into the muscle cells.

BIO 181 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions