Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pure, resident, existing evil (HL bio) > photosynthesis and cellular respiration quiz > Flashcards

photosynthesis and cellular respiration quiz Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

light dependent reaction habitat

A

thylakoids of the chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

light independent reaction habitat

A

stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the light dependent reaction

A
  • sunlight energy is converted to the energy carrier molecules ATP and NADPH
  • oxygen as byproduct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the light independent reaction

A
  • enzymes in the stroma synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 using chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH
  • calvin cycle!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lumen of thylakoids

A

small space, only needs small changes to form gradients for chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

increases surface area for light absorption, where electron transport chain occurs nex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

first part of light dependent reaction

A

photoactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

photoactivation what, when, where

A
  • energy from light is used to excite electrons in a chlorophyll pigment
  • so electrons can leave the pigment molecule and move through electron transport chain
  • in photosystems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

photosystems

A
  • photosystem II comes before I in light . dependent reactions
  • photosystem I absorbs slightly higher wavelengths (700 vs 680)
  • pigments to collect light energy, special pair of chlorophyll molecules at core
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how photoactivation works

A
  • light absorbed by pigments in photosystem
  • energy passed inwards from pigment to pigment until it reaches reaction center
  • here, electron in the chlorophyll molecule is energized and moves to a higher energy level
  • high energy electron passed to acceptor molecule in ECT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

next thing in light dependent reactions

A

photolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is photolysis

A

the breaking apart of a water molecule using light energy

water»> 2 hydrogrens for proton gradient, 2 electrons, oxygen waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why photolysis

A
  • the electrons replace the electrons in the reaction center that chlorophyll lost in photosystem II
  • the protons produced are part of proton gradient in thylakoid lumen used in chemiosmosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where photolysis

A

photosystem II in the thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

third thing for light dependent reactions

A

electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the electron transport chain (photosynthesis )

A
  • series of (thylakoid) membrane-bound molecules that transfer electrons via redox (simultaneous oxidation and reduction). fuels the pumping of H+ ions across a membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why electron transport chain (photosyntheiss)

A

to create a proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen for chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where electorn transport chain photosyntehesis

A

thylakoid lumen, separate ones for different photosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does the electron transport chain work in photosynthesis

A
  • high-energy electron from photoactivation travels between electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane
  • movement of electrons drives pumping of H+ ions into thylakoid lumen for H++ gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the fourth part of the light dependent reactions

A

chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is chemiosmosis (photosynthesis)

A

the movement of H+ ions down their concentration gradient coupled with ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why chemiosmosis (photosynthesis)

A

ATP for light independent reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does chemiosmosis happen in photosynthesis

A

at ATP synthase embedded in thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does chemiosmosis function

A

H+ ions flow down gradient, from thylakoid lumen in stroma through ATP synthase, which creates ATP by combining ADP with an inorganic phosphate group Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

5th thing in light dependent reactions

A

reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+

26
Q

what is the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis

A

the formation of an electron carrier molecule (NADPH) using electrons from photosystem I

27
Q

why the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis

A

to make NADPH which is needed in light independent reactions

28
Q

how does the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis work

A
  • electrons exited out of photosystem I reaction center are transported between electron carrier molecules and eventually given to the electron carrier molecule NADP
  • NADPH reduced (gains electrons) to become NADPH to be used in light independent reactions
29
Q

first part of light independent reactions

A

carbon fixation by carboxylation of RuBP

30
Q

what is carbon fixation in photosynthesis

A

the process of adding carbon from an inorganic compound to form an organic compound

31
Q

where does carbon fixation in photsynthesis occur

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

32
Q

how does carbon fixation of RuBP happen in photosynthesis

A
  • CO2 enters plants from air via stomata diffuses into chloroplast stroma
  • CO2 attaches to RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule… carboxylated to a 6 carbon molecule
  • Immediately split into 3 carbon molecule PGA
33
Q

what catalases the carboxylation of RuBP

A

Rubisco

34
Q

RuBP

A

ribulose bisphosphate

35
Q

PGA

A

phosphoglycerate

36
Q

second step in teh light independent reactions

A

reduction of PGA to produce triosphosphate using ATP and NaDPH as energy sources

37
Q

what happens in the reduction of PGA in photosynthesis

A

the ATP and NADPH are used to reduce phosphoglycerate

38
Q

why teh reduction of PGA

A

the electrons and hydrogens from the NADPH will become part of the carbohydrate in the results of the light independent reactions

39
Q

where does the reduction of PGA occur

A

the public of washroom , in the stroma of the chloroplast

40
Q

how does the reduction of PGA happen

A
  • IN 2 steps, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the PGA molecules into 3c sugar G3P
  • NADPH donates electrons to or reduced the PGA to make G3P… can be used to make other carbs, is the carbohydrate product of the light-independent reactions
41
Q

G3P can be..

A
  • recycled!!!

- used to make glucose

42
Q

last part of light independent reactions

A

regeneration of RUBP using ATP

43
Q

what regeneration of RUBP using ATP

A

using ATP, some G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate the RuBP molecule

44
Q

why regeneration of RUBP using ATP

A

RuBP must be regenerated so carbon fixation can occur again

45
Q

where does regeneration of RUBP using ATP happen

A

stroma of chloroplast

46
Q

how regeneration of RUBP using ATP goes down

A
  • remaining G3P molecules remain in the cycle and used to regenerate ATP
  • ATP used in regeneration reactions
47
Q

glycolysis

A

hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)

48
Q

4 main parts of glycolysis

A
  • phosphorylation
  • lysis
  • oxidation
  • ATP formation
49
Q

phosphorylation

A
  • hexose sugar (typically glucose) is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP (to form a hexose bisphosphate)
  • makes the molecule less stable and more reactive, and also prevents diffusion out of the cell
50
Q

lysis

A

The hexose biphosphate (6C sugar) is split into two triose phosphates (3C sugars)

51
Q

oxidation

A
  • hydrogen atoms are removed from each of the 3C sugars (via oxidation) to reduce NAD+ to NADH (+ H+)
  • two molecules of NADH are produced in total (one from each 3C sugar)
52
Q

ATP formation

A

Some of the energy released from the sugar intermediates is used to directly synthesise ATP. This direct synthesis of ATP is called substrate level phosphorylation

53
Q

first stage of aerobic respiration

A

the link reaction

54
Q

how does the link reaction work

A
  • Pyruvate is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix by carrier proteins on the mitochondrial membrane
  • The pyruvate loses a carbon atom (decarboxylation), which forms a carbon dioxide molecule
  • The 2C compound then forms an acetyl group when it loses hydrogen atoms via oxidation (NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+)
  • The acetyl compound then combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
55
Q

krebs cycle

A
  • CoA transfers its acetyl group (2c) to a 4c coumpound to make a 6c compound citrate, and coenzyme A release
  • over series, the 6c compound is broken down to reform the original 4c compound
56
Q

some things that occur in the krebs cycle

A

-Two carbon atoms are released via decarboxylation to form two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Multiple oxidation reactions result in the reduction of hydrogen carriers “(3 × NADH + H+ )”
“1 × FADH2)”
- One molecule of ATP is produced directly via substrate level phosphorylation

57
Q

electron transport chain respiration

A
  • final step in cellular respiration
  • in cristae fold of mitochondria for optimal surface area
  • oxidative phosphorylation
58
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

releases the energy stored within the reduced hydrogen carriers in order to synthesise ATP

59
Q

steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • 1 Proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient (proton motive force)
  • 2 ATP synthase uses the subsequent diffusion of protons (chemiosmosis) to synthesise ATP
  • 3 Oxygen accepts electrons and protons to form water
60
Q

how to create a proton motive force in the electron transport chain

A
  • hydrogen carriers NADH and FADH2 oxidised, and release high energy electrons and protons,
  • hese are shuttled through the electron transport chain
  • electrons losing energy throughout the chain pumps protons from the matrix to intermembrane space
61
Q

ATP synthesis in the oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • proton motive force causes H+ to move down gradient back to matrix
  • in chemiosmosis, facilitated by ATP synthase
  • as ions move through ATP synthase they synthesize ATp
62
Q

reduction of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • must remove de energised electrons
    -oxygen as final electron acceptor, removing de energized electrons
    -binds with free protons
    (no oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain, ATP production, halted)

pure, resident, existing evil (HL bio) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions