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Biology: Module 1 - Bioenergetics > Photosynthesis - Anatomy of Leaves and function > Flashcards

Photosynthesis - Anatomy of Leaves and function Flashcards

■ Relate the anatomy of leaves to their function in photosynthesis.

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1
Q

What are the major types of cell in a leaf?

A

Epidermal cells, Parenchyma cells, Mesophyll cells and Guard cells

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2
Q

What are the major photosynthetic parts of many plants?

A

Leaves

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3
Q

Where are leaves typically borne on a plant?

A

The nodes of a stem

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4
Q

What happens to leaves at the end of their lifetime?

A

Leaves are replaced at growing seasons.

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5
Q

What are the three major patterns of leaf arrangement on plant stems?

A

Alternate, opposite, or whorled

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6
Q

What is the connection between the leaf blade and the plant stem called?

A

Petiole

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6
Q

What are the epidermal hairs on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and these can also help retard water loss.

A

Trichomes

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7
Q

In what ways can leaves be modified?

A

Protection (e.g., spines) or climbing (e.g., tendrils in vines).

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8
Q

How is the structure of leaves generally described?

A

Leaves are usually flat and have one surface facing towards the stem axis and the other surface facing the opposite direction.

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9
Q

What role does the xylem play in leaf function?

A

Xylem brings water and minerals to the leaves.

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10
Q

What is the function of phloem in leaves?

A

Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis to other plant parts such as storage organs.

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11
Q

Why is it beneficial for plants to have a flat leaf structure?

A

A flat leaf structure maximizes surface area for capturing sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis.

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12
Q

How do leaves contribute to the overall function of the plant?

A

Leaves contribute to the overall function of the plant by performing photosynthesis and facilitating the transport of nutrients and water.

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13
Q

What are the two types of tissues that make up veins in leaves?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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14
Q

Why is the arrangement of leaves important for plants?

A

To maximize the capability of the plant to capture sunlight.

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15
Q

What are trichomes, and where can they be found on leaves?

A

They are epidermal hairs and it can be present on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf and help retard water loss.

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16
Q

How do stomata facilitate gaseous exchange?

A

Stomata are openings that allow for the exchange of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide and oxygen) between the intercellular spaces and the external environment.

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17
Q

What regulates the opening and closing of the stoma?

A

Changes in the osmotic concentration of the vacuoles within the guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stoma.

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18
Q

What is the role of the cuticle in leaf anatomy?

A

The cuticle limits water loss from the leaf by providing a waterproof barrier.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the mesophyll layer in leaves?

A

The mesophyll layer is specialized for carrying out photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What happens to water vapor in regards to stomata?

A

There is a one-way net diffusion of water vapor from the intercellular spaces to the atmosphere through the stomata.

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20
Q

What is the primary function of epidermal cells in leaves?

A

Provide a protective outer layer and help limit water loss from the leaf.

21
Q

What cellular organelles are abundant in mesophyll cells?

A

Chloroplasts.

22
Q

Describe the arrangement of palisade mesophyll cells.

A

They’re stacked like columns with their long axes oriented at right angles to the epidermis.

22
Q

What different types of mesophyll are mentioned in the text?

A

Palisade Mesophyll and Spongy Mesophyll.

22
Q

How do palisade and spongy mesophyll differ in structure?

A

Palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and has a column like shape, while spongy mesophyll cells are more loosely arranged with larger intercellular air spaces and shapes irregular.

23
Q

Why is the arrangement of palisade mesophyll cells beneficial for photosynthesis?

A

To reduces the number of light-absorbing cell walls between sunlight and chloroplasts, allowing for more efficient light absorption.

23
Q

Where are stomata typically located in dicotyledonous leaves?

A

Lower epidermis

23
Q

What is the function of guard cells in relation to stomata?

A

To regulate the opening and closing of the stomata based on environmental conditions.

23
Q

What gases are exchanged during photosynthesis?

A

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in, and oxygen and water vapor are given out.

24
Q

What is the primary benefit of having choroplast-rich mesophyll cells?

A

Chloroplast-rich mesophyll cells optimize the capture of light energy for photosynthesis.

25
Q

What happens to the osmotic concentration of guard cells when they are stimulated to open the stomata?

A

The osmotic concentration of guard cells increases, causing water to flow in and the guard cells to swell, which opens the stomata.

25
Q

Why might plants have epidermal hairs on their leaves?

A

To reduce water loss and can provide some protection against herbivores.

25
Q

How do the number of chloroplasts in spongy mesophyll cells compare to those in palisade mesophyll cells?

A

Spongy mesophyll cells have fewer chloroplasts than palisade mesophyll cells.

26
Q

How do intercellular spaces contribute to the process of photosynthesis?

A

The large volume of intercellular spaces facilitates the gaseous exchange needed for photosynthesis.

26
Q

What wavelengths of light do spongy mesophyll cells intercept?

A

Wavelengths of light that were not captured by the upper palisade mesophyll cells.

26
Q

What is the significance of water vapor diffusion for plants?

A

For maintaining transpiration, which helps with nutrient transport and temperature regulation in plants.

26
Q

What is unique about the photosynthesis that occurs in spongy mesophyll?

A

It uses light of a higher wavelength than that used by palisade mesophyll.

26
Q

What structures are found in the mesophyll layer of leaves?

A

They are continuous with the vascular system of the stem and the entire plant.

27
Q

What surrounds the vascular tissues of the leaf veins?

A

Parenchyma cells that have a small number of chloroplasts.

27
Q

What structure do parenchyma cells form around the vascular tissues?

A

The bundle sheath.

27
Q

What types of substances must pass through the bundle sheath?

A

Water, mineral ions, photosynthesis products, and metabolic products.

27
Q

How do chloroplasts move within the cell?

A

Using the cytoskeleton inside the cell.

27
Q

Why is it important that bundle sheaths extend to the ends of the smallest veins?

A

To ensure that no parts of the veins are exposed to air in the intercellular spaces.

28
Q

What feature of plant cells takes up most of the interior of the cell?

A

Vacuole

28
Q

What adaptations do leaves have to maximize the capture of sunlight for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts can move and change orientation to catch the most light.

28
Q

What must all substances pass through when entering or leaving the vascular bundle?

A

The bundle sheath.

29
Q

What binds the chloroplasts to the specific location within the cells?

A

The organization of the cytoplasm and the presence of a large vacuole.

29
Q

How does the structure of the spongy mesophyll facilitate photosynthesis?

A

By having air spaces for gas exchange and intercepting light.

29
Q

Why is the position of cytoplasm important in relation to chloroplasts?

A

It restricts chloroplasts to the area of the cell where the most light can reach them.

29
Q

What is the main purpose of intercellular air spaces in spongy mesophyll?

A

To facilitate efficient gaseous exchange.

30
Q

What is the shape of spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Irregular in shape.

30
Q

Where are spongy mesophyll cells located in the leaf?

A

On the lower side of leaves.

30
Q

Why do spongy mesophyll cells have irregular shapes?

A

To create large intercellular air spaces for efficient gaseous exchange.

Biology: Module 1 - Bioenergetics (1 decks)

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