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Bio Module 5 > Photosynthesis 5.6 > Flashcards

Photosynthesis 5.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a chloroplast consist of?

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • granum (thylakoid stack)
  • stroma
  • thylakoid (lamellae)
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2
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use light or chemical energy to synthesise larger organic molecules from smaller inorganic ones

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3
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain large organic molecules from autotrophs

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4
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesise larger organic molecules urging energy from chemicals

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5
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesise larger organic molecules using energy from light

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6
Q

What are the compensation points on the graph?

A

When the rate of photosynthesis is working at the same rate as respiration so there is not net gain or loss

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7
Q

What are the adaptations of the chloroplast?

A
  • inner membrane
  • many grana
  • photosynthetic pigments
  • proteins in grana
  • fluid filled stroma
  • grana surrounded by stroma
  • DNA and ribosomes
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8
Q

How does the inner membrane of a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A

Controls transport of molecules across the membrane with transport proteins

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9
Q

How does having many grana in a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A
  • where the first stages of photosynthesis happen (LDS)
  • creates a large SA for photopigments
  • products of LDS can pass to the stroma easily
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10
Q

How do photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A
  • in the thylakoid membrane they are funnel shaped structures called photosystems which contain photosynthetic pigments
  • absorbe specific wavelengths of light
  • energy captured and funnelled to the primary pigment reaction centre
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11
Q

How do proteins in the grana of a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A

Hold the phototosystems in place

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12
Q

How does the fluid filled stroma in a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A

Contains enzymes needed to catalyse reactions of the LDS, starch, ribosomes and DNA

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13
Q

How does the grana being surrounded by stroma in a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A

Products made in LDS pass into the stroma to be used in the LIS

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14
Q

How does the DNA and ribosomes of a chloroplast help with photosynthesis?

A

Makes proteins for photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Light capturing photosynthetic pigments that funnel the energy into primary pigment reaction centres

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16
Q

What are the different types of chlorophyll?

A
  • chlorophyll a
  • chlorophyll b
  • carotene
  • xanothophylls
  • phaeophytin
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17
Q

What wavelength does chlorophyll a absorb?

A

blue - green wavelengths

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18
Q

What wavelength does chlorophyll b absorb?

A

yellwo - green wavelengths

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19
Q

What wavelength does carotene absorb?

A

Violet - green wavelengths

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20
Q

What wavelength does xanothophylls absorb?

A

Blue wavelengths

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21
Q

What wavelength does phaeophytin absorb?

A

grey wavelengths

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22
Q

What are the different stages of the light dependent stage?

A
  • light harvesting
  • photolysis of water
  • photophosphorylation
  • formation of NADPH from NADP
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23
Q

What happens during photolysis?

A

Water molecules are split into protons and electrons in the presence of light

24
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

It is the name for the overall process of using light energy and electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

25
Q

What happens during cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • Cyclic photophosphorylation uses only PSI and happens in the thylakoid membrane
  • Light energy excites two electrons into being excited
  • H+ ions produced by photolysis are actively transported into the thylakoid lumen using the energy provided by the electrons
  • this sets up an electrochemical concentration gradient
  • The H+ ions are free to move and flow through he ATP synthase allowing it to produce ATP
  • This is chemiosmosis
26
Q

What happens during non cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • non cyclic photophosphorylation uses both PSI and PSII and happens in the thylakoid membrane
  • Light energy excites two electrons into being excited
  • electron acceptor molecules then pass the electrons down the electron transport chain
  • each time the electrons are passed down they realease a bit of energy
  • H+ ions produced by photolysis are actively transported into the thylakoid lumen using the energy provided by the electrons
  • this sets up an electrochemical concentration gradient
  • the H+ ions are free to move and flow through he ATP synthase allowing it to produce ATP
  • this is chemiosmosis
  • once the electrons have moved from PSII to PSI they then reach the end of the electron transport chain and are used alongside H+ ions to reduce NADP into NADPH
27
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A two stage process involving light dependant and light independant reactions that happens in the sun light

28
Q

What are photosystems?

A

They are made of pigment molecules that are arranged in light harvesting clusters that carry out the absorption of light

29
Q

What are the two types of photosystems?

A
  • photosystem I (PS1) 700nm
  • Photosystem II (PS2) 680nm
30
Q

What happens during light harvesting?

A

Light hits the chlorophyll and teh energy is used to split water

31
Q

Where does the light dependent stage happen?

A

Thylakoid membrane

32
Q

What happens during the light dependent stage?

A

Stroma

33
Q

What happenes during the light independent stage?

A

The calvin cycle happens

34
Q

What happens during the calvin cycle?

A
  • CO2 combines with RuBP which is a 5 carbon sugar
  • this is catalysed by rubisco enzyme
  • This results in a 6 carbon compound which is unstable and splits into two three carbon molecules known as GP
  • energy from ATP and hydrogen from NADPH reduce GP into another pair of three carbon molecules known as TP
  • 1/6 of the TP molecule (1 carbon) is used to produce the hexose sugar
  • the rest of the TP molecule is used to regenerate RuBP
  • this process requires ATP
  • cycle is repeated
  • 12 TP lead to 2TP being produced which is a glucose molecule
35
Q

When does the calvin cycle happen?

A

When light is present (daylight hours)

36
Q

How many times does the calvin cycle have to be repeated to form one hexose sugar?

A

6

37
Q

What happenes when rubisco acts as a carboxylase?

A

It binds to the CO2 and combines with RuBP giving two molecules of triosephosphate

38
Q

What causes rubisco to act as an oxygenase?

A

At low levels of CO2 rubisco binds to O2 and combines with RuBP to form 1 molecule of GP

39
Q

What happens when rubisco acts as an oxygenase?

A

It releases CO2 in photorespiration

40
Q

How do ions create an optimum condition for rubisco?

A

H+ ions are pumped into thylakoid space which increases the pH to 8 which is the optimum pH for rubisco

41
Q

What happens to the Mg+ ion concentration during the calvin cycle?

A

It increases

42
Q

How does light intensity affect TP?

A

Increased light intensity increases TP production

43
Q

How does light intensity affect GP?

A

Increased light intensity decreases TP production

44
Q

How does light intensity affect RuBP?

A

Increased light intensity increased RuBP production

45
Q

How does CO2 concentration affect TP?

A

Increased CO2 conc. increases TP production

46
Q

How does CO2 concentration affect GP?

A

Increased CO2 conc. increases GP production

47
Q

How does CO2 concentration affect RuBP?

A

Increased CO2 conc. decreases RuBP production

48
Q

How does temperature affect GP?

A

Increased temperature increases GP production up to about 30 degrees and then the rate of production begins to decrease due to enzymes denaturing

49
Q

How does temperature affect TP?

A

Increased temperature increases TP production up to about 30 degrees and then the rate of production begins to decrease due to enzymes denaturing

50
Q

How does temperature affect RuBP?

A

Increased temperature increases RuBP production up to about 30 degrees and then the rate of production begins to decrease due to enzymes denaturing

51
Q

What is water stress?

A

When there is not enough water for a plant to function normally

52
Q

What are the effects of water stress?

A
  • cells lose water and become plasmolysed
  • roots produce abscidic acid which causes the tomata to close, reducing gaseous exchange
  • tissue becomes flaccid and leaves wilt
  • rate of photosynthesis decreases
53
Q

What is a photosynthometer?

A

A set of of capillary tubing and equipment which is used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis

54
Q

How does a photosynthometer work?

A

Gis given off by the plant over a period of time is collected in a flared end of a capillary tube and is then measured and divided by time to calculate the rate of photosynthesis

55
Q

How do you calculate rate of photosynthesis from a photosynthometer?

A

Volume of the air bubble/ time

Bio Module 5 (7 decks)

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