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Biology A2 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process whereby light energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy and used to synthesise large organic molecules from inorganic substances

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2
Q

Define Autotroph

A

An organism that uses light energy or chemical energy and inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water) to synthesise complex organic molecules

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3
Q

Define Heterotroph

A

An organism that ingests and digests complex organic molecules, releasing the chemical potential energy within them

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4
Q

Which process evolved first on earth - Photosynthesis or Respiration and why?

A

Photosynthesis - because of the fact that respiration requires large amounts of, and photosynthesis is the major source of oxygen. Therefore it had to evolve first so that respiration could then happen afterwards

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5
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

A

The Chloroplasts

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6
Q

How many membranes does a chloroplast have? and what is the scientific name?

A

Two - an envelope

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7
Q

What is the outer membrane of a chloroplast permeable to?

A

Many small ions

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8
Q

What has the inner membrane got embedded onto it?

A

Transport proteins

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9
Q

What is the inner membrane folded into?

A

Lamellae

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10
Q

What is the stroma?

A

A fluid filled matrix

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11
Q

What is the grana?

A

Stacks of flattened membrane compartments called thylakoids

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12
Q

How is the inner membrane of a chloroplast adapted for its role?

A

Has transport proteins and so can control entry and exit of substances between cytoplasm and stroma within the chloroplast

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13
Q

How does having many grana in the chloroplast adapt it for its role?

A

Provides a large surface area for photosynthetic pigments, electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes

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14
Q

Define Photosynthetic Pigment

A

Molecules that absorb light energy. Each pigment absorbs a range of wavelengths in the visible region and has its own distinct peak of absorption. Other wavelengths are reflected.

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15
Q

Where are Photosynthetic Pigments found?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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16
Q

What is the name of the structure in which Photosynthetic Pigments are arranged into?

A

A Photosystem

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17
Q

What are Photosystems held in place by?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

What metal is found in the Porphyrin Ring of Chlorophyll?

A

Magnesium

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19
Q

What are the two main types of Chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B

20
Q

What are the two forms of Chlorophyll A?

A

P680 and P700

21
Q

How many Photosystems are there?

A

Two

22
Q

Which Photosystem is P680 found in?

A

Photosystem 2

23
Q

Which Photosystem is P700 found in?

A

Photosystem 1

24
Q

Name an Accessory Pigment and the colour that it absorbs/reflects?

A

Carotenoid - Absorbs blue, reflects yellow
Carotene - reflects orange
Xanthophyll - reflects yellow

25
Q

Where does the light dependent stage of Photosynthesis take place?

A

On the thylakoid membrane

26
Q

What is the role of water in Photosynthesis?

A

To provide H+ ions (protons), a source of electrons and also oxygen

27
Q

What are the two forms in which light can travel in?

A

Waves and Photons

28
Q

What happens when a Photon of light strikes a Chlorophyll molecule?

A

Two electrons become excited and are captured by an electron acceptor, they then travel along a chain of electron carriers

29
Q

What metal to the electron carriers contain?

A

Iron

30
Q

What is released as electrons pass along the chain of electron carriers?

A

Energy

31
Q

What is pumped across the thylakoid membrane and into the thylakoid space?

A

Protons

32
Q

What is the flow of protons down their gradient across the thylakoid membrane called?

A

Chemiosmosis

33
Q

What does the force of Chemiosmosis join, and what does it make?

A

ADP and Pi to make ATP

34
Q

How is ATP given its energy?

A

The kinetic energy from the proton flow is converted into chemical energy

35
Q

What is the name of the process where ATP is made using light energy?

A

Photophosphorylation

36
Q

Name the photosystem(s) used in Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A

Photosystem 1

37
Q

Outline Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A

A photon of light hits the chlorophyll molecule exciting 2 electrons. They pass into an electron acceptor and back to the chlorophyll molecule from where they are lost.

38
Q

What is produced in Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

Small amounts of ATP

39
Q

Does water undergo photolysis in Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

No

40
Q

What Photosystem(s) are involved in Non - Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2

41
Q

What is produced in Non - Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

Reduced NADP and ATP

42
Q

Give a basic outline of what happens in Non - Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

Photon of light strikes Photosystem 2, exciting a pair of electrons that leave the chlorophyll molecule from the primary pigment reaction centre. Electrons pass along chain of electron carriers and energy released used to synthesise ATP. Light strikes Photosystem 1 and electron pair is lost. These electrons and protons join NADP making Reduced NADP. Electrons from oxidised photosystem 2 replace electrons lost from photosystem 1. Electrons from photolysed water replace those lost by oxidised chlorophyll in photosystem 2. Protons from photolysed water take part in chemiosmosis to make ATP.

43
Q

Where does the light independent stage take place in a chloroplast?

A

In the stroma

44
Q

What is the other name for the light independent stage?

A

The Calvin Cycle

45
Q

Can the light independent stage be affected by lack of light?

A

Yes - If there is not enough light, the light dependent stage isn’t as efficient or doesn’t work at all and so because the light independent stage relies on the products of the light dependent stage, the light independent stage will either stop being efficient or stop working altogether

46
Q

Outline the stages to the Calvin Cycle

A

CO2 joins rubisco and RuBP
Creating unstable intermediate (6C)
2GP (Glycerate 3-phosphate) is formed
Reduced NADP and ATP are added to the cycle
2TP (Triose phosphate) is formed
Further ATP is added
RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate) is regenerated

47
Q

What does RuBP stand for? And how is it spelt?

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate

Biology A2 (1 decks)

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