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photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What all are required for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll, CO2, light

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2
Q

Who discovered oxygen

A

john priestely

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2
Q

Candle burning and mouse suffocating experiments by

A

JOH PRIESTSLY

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3
Q

who discovered sunlight is essential for photosynthesis

A

jan igenhousez

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4
Q

who proved only green parts of plant release oxygen

A

jan ingenhousez

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5
Q

who provided evidence for production of glucose

A

julius von sachs

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6
Q

which algae did TW engelmann use

A

green algae- cladophora

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7
Q

TW engelmann bacteria accumulate mainly in ___ and ___ light of splits spectrum

A

red and blue

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8
Q

action spectrum of ___ similar to absorption spectrum of ___ and ___

A

photosynthesis, ch-a and ch-b

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9
Q

what did corneus von niel prove

A

photosynthesis is essentially a light driven compound that uses hydrogen from a suitable oxidisable compound to reduce carbon to carbohydrates

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10
Q

the oxygen released in photosynthesis is released from

A

water

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11
Q

how was it proved oxygen is released from water photosynthesis process

A

radio isotope technique

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12
Q

____ cells of green leaves have large number of chloroplasts

A

mesophyll cells

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13
Q

chloroplast align themselves along the ____ of the mesophyll cells because

A

walls, optimum quantity of incident light

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14
Q

constituents of chloroplast are

A

grana, stroma lamellae, matrix stroma

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15
Q

what does membrane system of chloroplast do-
is it light or dark reaction?

A

it absorbs and traps light, and synthesizes atp and nadph
its a light reaction

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16
Q

what does stoma of chloroplast do-
is it a lighter dark reaction?

A

synthesizes sugar, which is turned to starch
dark rxn

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17
Q

light reactions are also known as-
they are dependent on ___

A

photochemical rxn
directly dependent on light

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18
Q

how can we separate pigment of plants

A

paper chromatography

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18
Q

what are pigment

A

substances that can absorb light at specific wavelengths

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19
Q

dark reactions are also known as-
they are dependent on-

A

carbon reactions
dependent on products of light reactions

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20
Q

are dark reactions light independent

A

no

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21
Q

4 pigments of plants

A

ch-a, ch-b, carotenoids, xanthophylls

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22
Q

___ is chief pigment associated with photosynthesis is

A

ch-a

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23
Q

role of accessory pigments

A

absorb light at other wavlenghts- so enable wider range of wavelenght incoming to be utilised for photosynthesis, and prevent ch-a from photo-oxidation

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24
Q

what are accessory pigments

A

other thylakoid pigments like ch-b, carotenoids, xanthophylls

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25
Q

what happens in light reactions

A

light is absorbed, water is split, oxygen is release, high energy intermediates are formed (ATP, NADP)

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26
Q

types of light harvesting complexes and their peaks

A

PS1- 700, PS2- 680

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27
Q

what are light harvesting complexes and what are they also knows as

A

LHC are made up of hundreds of pigments bound to proteins.
they are also knows as photosystems

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28
Q

PSA1 AND PPSA2 are named in the order of their-

A

discovery

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29
Q

What are the two types of reactions that occur within chloroplasts during photosynthesis?


A

The two types of reactions are light reactions (photochemical reactions) and dark reactions (carbon reactions).

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30
Q

electron transport system consists of


A

cytochromes

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31
Q

movement of electrons in z-scheme in ETC is-

A

downhill

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32
Q

are electrons used up in the electron transport chain?


A

no

33
Q

electrons in z-scheme are passed onto another acceptor molecule of _____ reduction potential


A

higher

34
Q

in photosystem 2 ___ is released


A

ADP+ iP= ATP

35
Q

in photo system 1 what is released


A

NADP = NADPH + H

36
Q

what is z-scheme

A

starting from ps2- uphill to acceptor- downhill to PS1 through ETC- excites electrons- transfer to another acceptor- downhill to NADP which is reduced to NADPH AND H+

37
Q

the splitting of water is associated with whic LHC

A

PS2

38
Q

electrons of PS2 are replaced by-
electrons of PS1 are replaced by-

A

1) splitting of water
2) PS2

39
Q

where is PS2 physically located

A

on the inner side of thylakoid membrane

40
Q

ATP carries ___ energy in its chemical bonds

A

bond energy

41
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

the process of synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganif phosphate in the presence of light.

42
Q

when two photosystems work-
when only one photo system works- (whichone?)

A

1) non cyclic photophosphorylation
2) cyclic photophosphorylation- PS1

43
Q

where does non cyclic photophosphorylation occur

A

granal thylakoid

44
Q

where does cyclic photophosphorylation

A

stroma lamellae

45
Q

products of non cyclic photophosphorylation-
products of cyclic photophosphorylation-

A

1- ATP and NADPH
2- ATP

46
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation only occurs when

A

wavelenght of light greater than 680 is present since PS1 is involved

47
Q

chemiosmosis requires

A

a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient and atp synthetase

48
Q

ATP synthetase enzyme consists of 2 parts (and functions)

A

1)CFo- embedded in the thylakoid membrans anf forms a transmembrane channel for the facillitated diffusion of proton across membrane.
2) CF1- it protrudes on the other side of the thylakoid membrane on the side that faces the stroma

49
Q

in chemiosmosis theory, the protons produced by ____ accumulate in the ____ of the _____

A

splitting of water- lumen- thylakoids

50
Q

in chemiosmosis theory the NADP reductase enzyme is located on the ____ side of the membrane.

A

stroma

51
Q

in chemiosmosis theory- the protons in the stroma ____ and in the lumen____

A

decrease-increase

52
Q

in chemiosmosis theory why is the proton gradient broken down and how is it done.

A

the breakdown of the gradient provides sufficient energy to cause a conformational change in the CF1 particle of the ATP synthetase which makes the enzyme synthesize several molecules of energy packed ATP.
it is done due to the movement of protons across the membrane to the stroma to the transmembrane channel of the CFo of the ATP synthetase

53
Q

in chemiosmosis theory energy is used to pump ______ across a membrane to-

A

-protons
-create a gradient or high conc of protons in the thylakoid lumen.

54
Q

how are protons collected in the thylakoid lumen?

A

1) splitting of water by PS2
2) by the H+ carrier phylloquinone that removes a proton from stroma while transporting an electron. when electron is passed on it release the H+ in the lumen.
3) by FNR , after it produces NADPH, it releases H+ into the lumen.

55
Q

FNRM full form

A

ferredoxin NADP+ reductase

56
Q

how is ATP formed in chemiosmotic hypothesis?

A

when the proton gradient is broken down and protons travel across the membrane, from the lumen to the stroma, through the transmembrane channel CFo of the ATP synthase enzyme, energy is released, which facilitates in the formation of ATP from ADP and iP

57
Q

what are the total products of light reactions and what happens with them?

A

products of light reactions are- O2, ATP, NADPH
-O2 diffuses out
-ATP and NADPH are used to make food i.e. sugars.w

58
Q

what is the biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis?

A

-ATP and NADPH are used to make sugars.

59
Q

is biosynthetic process light or dark rxn

A

dark rxn

60
Q

what did melvin calvin discover?

A

using 14C and radio isotope techniques, he discovered that the first CO2 fixation product was a 3 carbon phospho glyceric acid (PGA).
he also contributed in mapping out the entire biosynthetic pathway hence the cycle was also named Celvin cycle.

61
Q

what was the name of the first stable product of CO2 fixation with 4 carbon atoms

A

oxaloacetic acid

62
Q

how are plants differentiated on the basis of their first stable CO2 fixation products

A

if first stable product=
-C3 acid (PGA) then c3 pathway/calvin cycle
-c4 acid(OAA) then c4 pathway.

63
Q

what was the acceptor molecule in C3 sycle?

A

5 carbon ketose sugar- ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

64
Q

how many steps are there in C3 cycle

A

1)carboxylation
2)reductions
3)regeneration

65
Q

Is C3 cycle cyclic or non cyclic

A

cyclic

66
Q

what happens in carboxylation in C3 cycle

A

the carbon dioxide is utilized for the carboxylation of the RuBP with the help of RUBISCO enzyme which results in formation of 2 PG

67
Q

how many C3 cycle required for production of one molecule of glucose

A

6 turns

68
Q

what happens in reduction step of C3 cycle

A

series of reactions that lead to the formation of glucose.
2 ATP and 2 NAPD are used to reduce 3-PGA to triphosphate per CO2 molecule fixed.

69
Q

what happens in regeneration step of C3 cycle

A

one ATP s used from phosphorylation to regenerate RuBP.

70
Q

why is regeneration a crucial step in the C3 cycle

A

because regeneration of the RuBP is necessary if the cycle is to continue uninterrupted.

71
Q

how many ATP and NADPH and CO2are used to make 1 molecule of glucose.
how is the difference between the needs of ATP and NADPH met in C3 cycle?

A

-CO2-6
-ATP-18
-NADPH-12
the difference is met by the extra formation of ATP through the cyclic phosphorylation.

72
Q

how many ATP and NADPH in one C3 cycle

A

3 ATP
2 NADPH

73
Q

special feature of C4 plants

A

-kranz anatomy in leaf
-tolerance to high temperatures
-respond to high light intensities
- do not have process photo respiration
-greater productivity of biomass

74
Q

how are bundle sheath cells characterized

A

may form several layers around vascular bundles. they are:
-thich walled and impervious to gas exchange
-large number of chloroplast
-no intercellular spaces

75
Q

give examples of C4 plants

A

maize and sorghum

76
Q

what will help identify c4 plants

A

presence of bundle sheath cells inleaf anatomy

77
Q

In c4 plants-
mesophyll cells lack ____ and have ____
bundle sheath cells lack ____ and have____

A
  • rubisco, pepcase
    -pepcase, rubisco
78
Q

what are other intermediate compounds formed in C4 cycle and where are they formed?

A

malic acid, aspartic acid, formed inmesophyll cells

79
Q

where does decarboxylation take place in C4 cycle and how is the CO2 release utiliZED.

A

IN BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS
-TH CO2 released is used in C3 cycle which takes place in bundle sheath cells

80
Q

regeneration of PEP takes place where in C4 cycle?

A

mesophyll cells.

81
Q

calvin pathway occurs where in C3 and C4 plants?

A

C3= mesophyll cells
C4= bundle sheath cells

82
Q
A

photosynthesis (1 decks)

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