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Biology- energy transfers 2 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the factors that the rate of photosynthesis is limited by?

A

light intensity
CO2 concentration
Température

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplasts

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3
Q

what are the 2 stages of photosynthesis called?

A

light- dependent reaction
light-independent reaction

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4
Q

where does the light dependent reaction take place?

A

thylakoid membrane
- site between the thylakoid space and the stroma

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5
Q

what does the light dependent reaction require?

A

an enzyme in the membrane which catalysed the reaction of ATP

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6
Q

what’s the first molecule produced in the light dependent reaction?

A

ATP

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7
Q

where is ATP produced?

A

an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane is needed
catalysing the reaction between ADP and a free inorganic phosphate group

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8
Q

what is the enzyme which synthesises (produces) ATP called?

A

ATP synthase

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9
Q

what does ATP synthase require to combine ADP and a phosphate group?

A

energy
provided by H+ ions- protons

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10
Q

How do H+ ions transfer energy to ATP synthase?

A

higher concentration of protons in thylakoid space compared to the stroma

a concentration gradient between the thylakoid space and the stroma
- a proton gradient

protons move down the proton gradient

chemiosmosis

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11
Q

what is the method in the light dependent stage of the creation of ATP called?

A

photophosphorylation

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12
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient?

A

a gradient involving a charged particle
such as a proton

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13
Q

how is the proton gradient maintained?

A

protons are actively transported from the stroma to the thylakoid space
ensuring a higher concentration of protons in the thylakoid space compared to the stroma

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14
Q

what is oxidation and reduction in terms of hydrogen?

A

when a substance loses hydrogen- oxidation

when a substance gains hydrogen-
reduction

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15
Q

where is the energy for the active transport of protons back into the thylakoid space, from?

A

supplied by electrons from chlorophyll

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16
Q

what is photoionisation?

A

light hits leaf
chlorophyll absorbs the light and light energy is transferred to electrons within chlorophyll
(electrons in ‘excited’ state)
after this gain of energy they leave chlorophyll

17
Q

what are the electrons moving through a collection of protein complexes through the electron transfer chain moving by?

A

oxidation- reduction reaction
this releases energy enabling the specific protein complex enabling it to actively transport protons necessary in the light dependent stage

18
Q

what happens when the electrons reach the end of the electron transfer chain?

A

molecule within chloroplasts-
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP
a coenzyme- molecule which helps enzymes carry out its function

NADP reacts with the electrons and a proton in the stroma that has not yet been actively transported
NADP is gaining an electron hence it is reduced

this reaction forms NADPH
(reduced NADP)

19
Q

what are the two molecules produced in the light dependent reaction needed for the light independent reaction called?

A

ATP
NADPH (reduced NADP)

20
Q

what else happens when light hits the leaf? -photolysis

A

it’s splits water up into
protons- maintain high concentration
electrons- replace those lost in chlorophyll
oxygen- diffuses out of plant or respiration
—

21
Q

how are chloroplasts adapted to make sure the light- dependent reaction is as efficient as possible?

A

adaptation 1-
the thylakoid membrane has a large surface area for molecules involved in the light dependent reaction
maximising the amount of ADP and NADPH that can be made at one time

adaptation 2-
proteins in the grana hold the chlorophyll in such a way that the maximum of light can be absorbed at one time

adaptation 3-
the thylakoid membranes contain ATP synthase for efficient ATP production
the membranes are also selectively permeable which allows them to establish and maintain a proton gradient

adaptation 4-
chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes
this means that proteins involved in the light- dependent reaction can be easily and quickly produced

22
Q

which three molecules does the light independent reaction require?

A

carbon dioxide
ATP
NADPH

23
Q

what is the light independent reaction also known as?

A

calvin cycle

24
Q

where does the light independent reaction within the chloroplast take place?

A

stroma

25
Q

what happens when carbon dioxide enters the stroma?

A

it reacts with a molecule called ribulose bisphosphate
RuBP
contains 5 carbons
two phosphates

carbon dioxide and RuBP react to form
two identical molecules
Glycerate 3-phosphate GP
3carbons
1 phosphate group
this reaction catalysed by enzyme called rubisco

26
Q

what needs to happen to glycerate 3-phosphate for it to become useful?

A

it needs to be converted to
triose phosphate
TP
contains
3 carbons
1 phosphate group

glycerate 3-phosphate needs to lose oxygen and gain hydrogen
-reduction
Hydrogen needed for this reaction is supplied by NADPH
donates hydrogen becomes NADP

27
Q

what else is required for the reduction of glycerate-3 phosphate?

A

energy
ATP
by breaking down into ADP and inorganic phosphate group

28
Q

what are about 80% of triose phosphate molecules converted into?

A

back to ribulose bisphosphate
allowing cycle to continue
uses ATP

29
Q

what are three main organic substances made from triose phosphate?

A

glucose- for respiration
amino acids- proteins
glycerol- triglycerides

30
Q

what happens as light intensity increases?

A

rate of photosynthesis increases
at a certain point it stops increasing

31
Q

how does carbon dioxide limit the rate of photosynthesis?

A

as co2 increase
rate of photosynthesis increase
needed in light independent in reaction

used in conversation of ribulose bisphosphate to
glycerate 3- phosphate

32
Q

how does temperature affect rate of photosynthesis?

A

as temperature increases
rate of photosynthesis increases y decreases
rate at which enzymes in light independent reaction
affects molecules in thylakoid membrane too

if temp too high enzymes denature

33
Q

How many times does a Calvin cycle have to run to make
-glucose molecule
-triose phosphate

A

-6
-3

34
Q

What is the light compensation point?

A

When we measure the gas exchange of the whole plant we find a balance point between carbon dioxide produced by respiration and taken up for photosynthesis

Biology- energy transfers 2 (1 decks)

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