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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy from
the sun and convert it into chemical energy.

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2
Q

Explain how C4 plants have evolved adaptations to maximise photosynthesis.

A

C4 plants separate the initial carbon fixation from the remainder of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis between cells. Initial carbon fixation occurs in a mesophyll cell whilst the remainder of the Calvin cycle takes place in a bundle-sheath cell.This separation allows for a high concentration of CO2 around Rubisco, encouraging it to bind rather than , which decreases photorespiration and increases photosynthesis.

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3
Q

What is photosythesis

A

Photosynthesis is the biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy from
the sun and convert it into chemical energy.

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4
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2(carbon dioxide)+ 12H2O (light)(chlorophyl) → C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 +6 H2 O

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5
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant?

A

Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis in plants and typically have a large surface area to maximise the amount of light hitting the surface. The main cells in leaves that photosynthesise are called mesophyll cells. Inside mesophyll cells are large populations of chloroplasts, the organelle that is the site of both stages of photosynthesis.

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6
Q

What is stomata

A

Tiny pores on the surface of leaves known as stomata open to allow carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere to diffuse into the leaf. Stomata can also close to prevent water loss from the leaf in dry conditions. Water is absorbed by the root hair cells of plants from the soil and transported through the xylem to photosynthesising cells.

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7
Q

What is the light dependent stage of photosynthesis

A

In the first stage of photosynthesis, plants are dependent on light to split water into
oxygen and hydrogen. This light-dependent stage occurs on the thylakoid membranes
of chloroplasts.

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8
Q

Where does the light depend stage of photosyntehsis occur

A

The light-dependent reactions occur on the chlorophyll-filled
thylakoid membranes which make up the grana inside a chloroplast.( basically chloroplast)

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9
Q

thylakoid 

A

a flattened sac-like
structure housed inside the chloroplast. Each thylakoid is made
up of a chlorophyll-containing membrane enclosing a lumen.
Thylakoids are the location of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

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10
Q

stroma 

A

the fluid substance
that makes up the interior of chloroplasts. It is the site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

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11
Q

ATP 

A

 adenosine triphosphate, a
high energy molecule that, when broken down, provides energy for
cellular processes

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12
Q

The inputs of the light-dependent stage are:

A

.12 water (H2O) molecules
* 12 NADP+
* 18 ADP + Pi

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13
Q

what is the role of mitochondia

A

The mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which produces the majority of energy/ATP for the cell.

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14
Q

Outline the process of how the oxygen molecules would enter the cell with reference to plasma membrane

A

An oxygen molecule crosses the plasma membrane via simple diffusion down a concentration gradient as it is a small, hydrophobic molecule.

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15
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose(C6H12O6
)+ oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP(30 or 32)

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16
Q

The inputs of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

A

CO2, NADPH,ATP

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17
Q

Explain the differences between C4 and CAM photosynthesis.

A

C4 photosynthesis separates initial carbon fixation from the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space, between a mesophyll cell and a bundle-sheath cell.Conversely, CAM photosynthesis separates these two steps over time, between day and night with the use of a vacuole.At night, CAM plants open up their stomata to bring in CO2
. The CO2
is fixed into a
four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) by the enzyme PEP carboxylase, similarly to C4
plants. Oxaloacetate is then converted to a different four-carbon molecule (can be malate
or another organic molecule). The malate (or other) molecule is stored inside vacuoles
within the mesophyll cell until the daytime.

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18
Q

Which stage of photosynthesis is different between c3 c4 and CAM plants

A

The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis is identical in C3, C4, and CAM plants but the light-independent stage has significant differences.

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19
Q

Why don’t CAM plants conserve water by reducing the number of water molecules used for an input of photosynthesis?

A

For photosynthesis to occur, water molecules are required as inputs.Because photosynthesis is so important to plant growth and survival, CAM plants cannot sacrifice photosynthesis rates to save a few molecules of water.

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20
Q

inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

Input=ADP+Pi,NAD+, glucose

outputs=ATP,NADH,pyruvate

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21
Q

Steps for the production of bio ethanol

A

Deconstruction:Biomass is broken down into smaller pieces with a higher SA:V ratio.

Digestion by enzymes:Small pieces of biomass are broken down further via the presence of enzymes.

Ethanol fermentation: Ethanol is produced from fermentation.

Purifcation and dehydration- Ethanol is distilled via the removal of water.

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22
Q

With reference to anaerobic respiration, explain how lower oxygen levels may have contributed to the death of the plant.

A

At high altitudes, the amount of oxygen available is often too low to support aerobic respiration, meaning that the tree relies more on anaerobic respiration.This process produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as products, which cannot be metabolised. Ethanol is toxic and eventually accumulates enough to kill the plant.

23
Q

describe electron transport chain

A

occurs in the cristae membrane.
Energy unloaded from NADH and FADH by releasing high energy electrons and protons.This generates a proton gradient that drives significant ATP production.
As electron pass thorugh the protein,they lose energy,that energy is used to pump out H+ out of the matrix

24
Q

inputs of the electron chain

A

6oxygen + 12 H
26 or 28 ADP+pi
10 NADH
2FADH

24
Q

Output of the electron trasport chain

A

6H2O
26 or 28 ATP
10NAD+ 10 H+
2FAD + 4H+

24
Q

Role of the Krebs cycle

A

The Krebs cycle generates lots of high-energy electron and proton carriers, NADH and
FADH2, which can be used in the electron transport chain. Carbon dioxide is released,
and small amounts of ATP are also produced.
pyruvate a three-carbon molecule
that can be formed from the
breakdown of glucose via glycolysis
nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) a coenzyme
that acts as a proton (H+)
and electron carrier in cellular
respiration. NAD can cycle
between its NAD+ and NADH
forms, depending on the reaction it
takes part in
cytosol
of glycolysis
10 steps 1 glucose 2 pyruvate 2 NAD± + 2 H± 2 NADH 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP
glycolysis,
The link reaction
To link glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is transported to the matrix of the
mitochondria and combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA. The link
reaction also releases carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled, and produces
NADH that can be used later at the electron transport chain.

25
Q

Assuming biofuel production continues to grow globally, how might the relative ease of microalgae biomass contribute to lowering international reliance on the import and export of fossil fuels?

A

The relative ease of microalgae biomass production may serve to make biofuel production more evenly distributed across different areas, given that the growth and harvesting of microalgae can take place in many places and requires less high-quality agricultural land.1Microalgae-based biofuels may be grown and harvested domestically with relative ease, creating community-based industry and potentially reducing the reliance of many countries on the import and export of traditional fossil fuels

26
Q

State the worded equation for anaerobic fermentation in yeasts.

A

glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol+ATP

27
Q

types of biofuel

A

bioethnal-dervived frim the fermentation of plant sugars
Biodeseal-produced in the formation of fatty acides and combined with short chain alcohol (bioethnol can be used itself)

28
Q

application of biofuels

A

Helps is meet our transportation need s an alternative to tradtional fuels like patrol and diseal, and can be used for combustion vehicals.
Can be used to store energy generation usually used as a back up power in generators

29
Q

Temperature and ph effect on cellular respiration

A

AS we increas the temperature the rate of cellular repiration increases till a certain point,howver enezymes have an optimal temperture,which is body temperature

30
Q

Effect of glucose on cellular respiration

A

Increasing glucose availability increases the rate of cellular respiration until the enzymes
reach the saturation point.

31
Q

oxygen concentraion on cellular repiration

A

Increasing the concentration of oxygen will increase the rate of aerobic respiration.
In animals, low oxygen
will induce cells to switch to anaerobic fermentation, while the presence of oxygen will encourage cells to respire aerobically. As oxygen levels rise, the rate of aerobic respiration
increases. Therefore, more oxygen results in faster ATP production. At a certain point, assuming unlimited glucose, adding more oxygen does not increase the rate of respiration, as the enzy

32
Q

WAter avalibilty in photosynthesis

A

Water stress can be caused by draughts or periof of hot weather.Plants close their stomata to decrease water loss which also limit o2 exiting.Building up excess O2 in the cell causeing photorespiration

33
Q

Photorespiration

A

When rubisco binds to oxygen instead of co2 which is required for the calvin cycle.This produces wasteful produces which is toxic for the plants, and makes photosynthesis less efficent.

34
Q

biofuel

A

fuel created from organic
material known as biomass

35
Q

biomass 

A

organic material,
including plants, animal
by-products, and biological waste
material. Biomass can be sourced
from many industries,
including farming, forestry,
and food manufacturin

36
Q

fossil fuel

A

 fuel that formed over
tens of millions of years from the
remains of dead organic material.
Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable

37
Q

non-renewable

A

refers to a resource that is replenished at a slower rate than it is being used, meaning that it will eventually run out

38
Q

Strengths and weakness of biofules

A

Strength :cmilmate impact,they are carbon nuetral, energy security-energy demand increases we need to find more soucres which is not fossil fuel(which is limited)
Weakness:food vs fuel-agriculture of food)
Cost and difficulty of uptake: biofuels are typically more costly to produce than traditional fuel

39
Q

What are enzymes

A

enzymes speed up biochemical reaction by lowerinf the activation energy (energy required to intiate a reaction).Basically catalyses reaction.

40
Q

anabolic reaction

A

2 or more smaller combine to make a larger one.The reaction is usually endogonic

41
Q

catabolic

A

A reaction where larger molecule turn into smaller molecules- exergonic.

42
Q

cofactors

A

any organic or
inorganic molecule, such
as a coenzyme or metal ion,that assists enzyme function (co enzymes are a subset)

42
Q

coenzymes

A

a non-protein organic
cofactor that assists enzyme function. They release energy and are recycled during a reaction.During the reaction, the coenzyme binds to the active site, donates energy or molecules, and then cannot be immediately reused

42
Q

The steps in the light-dependent stage are

A

Light excites the electron in the chlorphyl which caues the water to split in O2 and H+ ion.
The O2 diffuses out through the stomata or is used in cellular respiration.
H+ ion are used to used to make NADH and ATP.

43
Q

chlorophyll 

A

 a chemical found inthe thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis.

44
Q

Why is white light best for photosynthesis

A

ecompasses a full spectrun of colour including red and blue as they are the most imporant wavelenghts for photosyntheisi red light is primamrily abosorbed by chlorophyll,helps in the light dependent reaction.Blue light light influences plant grwoth and development.It helps regulate stomatal opening.While green light is mostly reflected, the presence of blue and red light makes it the most efficent option for maximising photosynthesis.

45
Q

LOCK AND KEY VS INDUCED FIT

A

It is now believed to be incredibly rare for an enzyme and its substrate to fit together perfectly. Usually, there is a slight adjustment upon binding to better fit
one another. This model is known as the induced fit model, which states that an enzyme undergoes a
conformational change to become complementary in shape to the substrate.

46
Q

justice

A

the commitment to fairness. This concept encourages consideration
of different people’s opinions and positions, especially those directly affected or marginalised by a course of action. Justice prioritises the fair distribution of resources,
as well as equal access to the benefits of an action, policy, investigation,
or research.

47
Q

Beneficence

A

the commitment to maximising benefits

48
Q

Non–maleficence

A

the commitment to minimising harm. This concept encourages
individuals to act in ways that remove as much harm as possible

49
Q

Respect

A

– the commitment to consideration. This concept encourages individuals to
consider the value of others, including their personal welfare, beliefs, freedom, and autonomy. Respect prioritises the freedom of others to make their own decisions and be
protected from persecution or exploitation.

50
Q

Integrity

A

the commitment to knowledge. This concept encourages individuals
to act honestly and truthfully, especially when presenting their findings or results.

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