Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
How do plants obtain their food?
A
By photosynthesising
2
Q
What is photosynthesis?
A
A chemical process used by plants to make glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy. Oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis. Algae subsumed within plants and some bacteria are also photosynthetic.
3
Q
What is the food produced by photosynthesis?
A
The food produced is the sugar called glucose
4
Q
Why is food produced by plants important?
A
It’s important, not only the plants themselves, but for other organisms that feed on them
5
Q
What are algae?
A
A group of organisms that photosynthesise but lack the complex range of cell types and organs found in land plants.
6
Q
Where are most algae species found?
A
They our mainly Found in water,meaning that they are aquatic
7
Q
What do you all algae have?
A
They all have chloroplasts
8
Q
What will increase as a result of photosynthesis?
A
Plant biomass
9
Q
What is biomass?
A
The dry mass of an organism.
10
Q
What is the product of photosynthesis?
A
Plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water Using my energy from the Sun
11
Q
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
A
Carbon dioxide + water the add light(chlorophyll) = glucose +oxygen
12
Q
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
A
6Co2 + 6H2O + light(chlorophyll)= C6H12O6 + 6O2
13
Q
What is the equation for respiration?
A
Oxygen + glucose + light and chlorophyll= water + carbon dioxide
14
Q
Is photosynthesis is an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
A
Is endothermic as it requires light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
15
Q
How is light, energy, absorbed
A
The light energy is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll
16
Q
What are chlorophyll?
A
The green chemical inside the chloroplasts of plant cells. It enables photosynthesis to take place.
17
Q
Where are chlorophyll found?
A
Chlorophyll are found in the leaves.
Chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts in plant cells
18
Q
What is the plants main organ for photosynthesis?
A
Plant leaves
19
Q
Where does the carbon Dioxide required for photosynthesis come from?
A
It comes from the air
20
Q
How does the carbon dioxide enter the plant?
A
It enters the leaves for the stomata
21
Q
What is stomata?
A
Tiny holes in the epidermis (skin) of a leaf. They control gas exchange by opening and closing and are involved in loss of water from leaves. Singular is stoma.
22
Q
How was water transported to the plant?
A
Water enters the plant through the roots and is transported to the leaves in the xylem
23
Q
What is the xylem?
A
Narrow, hollow, dead tubes with lignin, responsible for the transport of water and minerals in plants.
24
Q
What is some of the oxygen formed as a product from photosynthesis used for?
A
Some is used to respiration during the day provided the rate of photosynthesis is high enough. Plants and algae gives out the oxygen
25
What is some of the glucose produced by? Photosynthesis also used for?
Respiration
26
What is respiration?
The chemical change that takes place inside living cells, which uses glucose and oxygen to release the energy that organisms need to live. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of respiration.
27
What is glucose the starting point for?
Glucose is the starting point for making the material that plants need to live
28
What will these materials made by glucose doto the plant?
These materials are used to make cell walls and other cell components. I’m unable to plant to grow an increase in biomass.
29
What is the glucose not use for respiration used for?
Starch
Lipids
cellulose
Proteins.
amino acids
30
What is starch?
A storage form of carbohydrate
31
What are lipids used for?
They’re used for storage in seeds
32
What is a nitrates absorbed from the soil make?
Amino acids and proteins
33
What is cellulose?
Used to build cells and add strength to cell walls
34
Linda three ways that you can measure the rate of photosynthesis…..
The rate of oxygen production
The rate of carbon dioxide uptake
The rate of glucose production
35
How can you measure the rate of oxygen production?
By measuring the numbers of bubbles or volume of oxygen gas given off in a set time
36
List three factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis….
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration.
Temperature
37
What happens when a plant does not receive enough light?
A plant cannot photosynthesise at very quickly, even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide
38
What does increasing the light intensity do? In terms of photosynthesis
It increases the rate of photosynthesis until a limiting factor becomes in short supply.
39
What is a limiting factor?
A factor which, if in short supply limits or reduces the rate of photosynthesis
40
What is the rate of photosynthesis directly proportional to?
The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the light intensity until another factor becomes limiting.
41
What happens to photosynthesis at very high intensities?
At very high light intensities, photosynthesis is slowed, but these light intensities do not occur in nature.
42
What happens To photosynthesis if the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased
The rate of photosynthesis will therefore increase
43
What can happen to the carbon dioxide concentration in terms of photosynthesis?
At some point, another factor maybe become limiting ,
44
How is the limiting factor shown on a graph?
This can be shown by the plateau ,flattened section, of the graph
45
What are the chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis is controlled by?
They are controlled by enzymes
46
What can be affected by temperature in photosynthesis?
The rate of the photosynthesis
47
What happens to photosynthesis at low temperatures?
The rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of collisions between the enzymes and the substrate
48
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the temperature increases?
The number of collisions between enzymes and substrate increase. Therefore the rate of photosynthesis also increases
49
What happens to photosynthesis in high temperatures
The enzymes become denatured, and this will decrease the rate of photosynthesis
50
If the carbon dioxide concentration is increased, what will happen to photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis will increase again until another factor eg carbon dioxide becomes limiting
51
An increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until
Another factor is limiting any further increase, so the rate becomes constant
52
An increase in carbon dioxide. Concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis until
Another factor, e.g. light intensity is limiting
53
What is the law of limiting factors, each factor does not
Work in isolation. Several factors may interact, and it may be any one of them. That is limiting photosynthesis.
54
Give an example of how factors might interact in terms of photosynthesis
1.The rate of photosynthesis increases until fact has become limiting.
2.if carbon dioxide concentration is increase the rate increase further and then another factor becomes Ltd.
3.the rates can be increased further if the temperature is increased.
4. the rate increases again until another factor becomes limiting.
55
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases why is this
It is because photosynthesis is an energy required reaction (exit her,in) more light energy will increase the rate of which oxygen is good enough signal brothers of oxygen we produced per minute
56
Describe the relationship between distance and light intensity
They have an inverse relationship
57
As distant intensity increases what happens to light intensity
Light intensity decreases
58
Why has distance, intensity imcreases light intensity decreases?
This is because, as the distance away from the light, source increases, light energy becomes spread over a wider area
59
What is light energy?
Visible electromagnetic radiation.
60
What is light energy proportional to?
The square of the distance of the light source from the plant
61
Is the light energy is twice the distance away What area will it cover?
4 times the area
62
Inverse square law equation
1/d (squared)
63
Describe the relationship between light intensity at these low light intensities Presented on a graph
They are linear
64
What is 1/d (just d squared) proportional to?
Light intensity
65
Leave stems and roots are all organs, consisting of what
They consist of different types of tissues. plant leaves are the main organ for photosynthesis
66
What is the function of the leaf in photosynthesis?
Leaves of a source of food for everything on the Earth
67
What are the three main features of a leaf?
a blade.
Midrib.
A vein
68
Name the five adaptations and features of a leaf
Large surface area.
Thin,
Chlorophyll.
Network veins.
Stomata
69
What is the purpose of the large surface area of a leaf?
It absorbs the most light possible
70
What is the purpose of the leaf being thin?
It creates a shorter distance of carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells
71
What is the purpose of the chlorophyll in a leaf?
It absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals
72
What is the purpose of Aleve having a network of veins?
To support the leaf and transport, water and sugars
73
What is the purpose of Aleve having stomata?
To allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen to diffuse out
74
List the layers inside the leaf?
1.Waxy cuticle – outside
2.Upper epidermis.
3.Palisade mesophyll
4.Spongy, Mesophyll and airspace.
5.Lower epidermis with guard cells and chloroplasts.
6.Waxy cuticle: exchange of gases through the stomata
75
What part of the leaf is also adapted to promote efficient photosynthesis
The internal structure
76
Explain what the epidermis is thin and transparent
To allow more light to reach the palisade cells
77
Explain why there is a thin cuticle made of wax On a leaf
To protect the leaf from infection and prevent water loss without blocking out light
78
Explain why the palisade cell layer is at the top of the leaf
To absorb most light and increase the rate of photosynthesis
79
Explain why leaf contains a spongy layer
Airspaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf
80
Explain why palisade cells contain many chloroplasts in leaf cells
To absorb all the available light
81
What do plants need to move, food, water and minerals around?
A transport system
82
What are the two different systems of a transport system?
The xylem and phloem
83
What is a xylem?
Narrow, hollow, dead tubes with lignin, responsible for the transport of water and minerals in plants.
84
What does the xylem do and what does it transport?
The xylem moves water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves
85
What is a phloem?
The tissue in plants that transports the products of photosynthesis, including sugars and amino acids.
86
What does the phloem do?
The floor moves food substances, such as surcose (sugar)and amino Acids from leaves to the rest of the plant
87
What is the movement of food in a plant called?
Translocation
88
What is translocation?
The transport of dissolved material within a plant.
89
What do both Types of plant Transport systems contain?
They contain cells that make continuous tubes running the full length of the plant from the roots up to the stand through to the leaves. They are like blood vessels of the plant.
90
How do plants absorb water?
Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis. They absorb mineral ions by active transport against the concentration gradient.
91
What is a root hair cell?
A specialised cell that increases the surface area of the root epidermis to improve the uptake of water and minerals.
92
Have Root hair cells adapted for taking water in
They are adapted for taking up water and mineral ions by having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption
93
What is a root hair cells also contain apart from a large surface area
They also contain lots of mitochondria, which will use energy from glucose during respiration in order to provide the energy needed for active transport
94
What are mitochondria?
Structures in the cytoplasm of all cells where aerobic respiration takes place (singular is mitochondrion).
95
What are the different purposes of water in the plant?
It is a reactant used in photosynthesis.
It supports leaves and shoot by keeping the cells rigid
It cools the leaves by evaporation.
it transports dissolve minerals around the plant
96
What does the stomata in a leaf shape control?
They control water loss and gas exchange by opening and closing. They allow water vapour and oxygen out of the leaf and carbon dioxide into the leaf.
97
What adaptations to plants growing in drier conditions, tend to have?
They tend to have small numbers of Chinese tomato and only on the lower lip service to save water loss
98
How do most plants regulate the size of stomata?
With Guard cells
99
What is each stomata surrounded by?
A pair of sausage shaped Guard cells
100
What do Guard cells do in bright light?
They take in water by osmosis, and become plump and turgid
101
What is turgid?
Having turgor - enlarged and swollen with water.
102
What happens to guard cells in lowlight?
The guard cells lose water and become flaccid Who is it the stomata to close?
103
What is flaccid?
Lacking turgor. Lacking in stiffness or strength. Soft and floppy.
104
How old guard cells adapted to their function
They are adapted by allowing gas exchange and controlled water loss within the leaf.
105
How is the size of the stomatal opening used by the plant?
It is used to control the rate of transpiration and therefore limit the levels of water loss from the leaf. This helps to stop the plant from Wilting
106
What is wilting?
A plant will wilt if it does not have enough water - it will become soft and floppy.
107
The cells that make up the xylem are adapted to their function, what are these functions?
They lose their end walls, so the xylem forms a continuous hollow tube.
They become straightened by a substance, called lignin
108
What is lignin?
Carbohydrate material lining the xylem vessels providing strength and support.
109
What can we cal lignified cells?
Wood
110
Is the transport in the xylem, a physical or chemical process?
A physical process, meaning it does not require energy
111
The phloem moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed,for processes, such as
Growing parts of the plant put immediate use.
Storage organs such as bulbs and tubers.
Developing seeds
112
What is a bulb?
An underground food store able to grow into a new plant. A natural method of asexual reproduction in plants.
113
What is a tuber?
A swollen, fleshy underground stem of a plant, such as the potato, bearing buds from which new plant shoots arise
114
What direction can transport in the phloem go in?
Transport in the phleomcan move both up and down the stem
115
What is the name of the sugar that is transported in the phloem?
Sucrose
116
What is sucrose?
A disaccharide made from glucose and fructose. It is used as table sugar.
117
What is the transport of substances in the phloem called?
Translocation
118
What does translocation require?
It requires energy as it is an active process
119
What do phloems consist of?
Living cells
120
The cells that make up the phloem adapted to their function, what are they?
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
121
What are sieve tubes?
Cells that have no nuclei and are connected to each other by their cytoplasm.
122
How are sieve tubs specialised for transport?
They have no nuclei.
Each sieve tub has a perforated end so it’s cytoplasm connects one cell to the next
123
What are translocated within the living cytoplasm of the sieve tubes?
Sucrose and amino acids
124
What do companion cells require?
Transport of substances in the phloem requires energy, one or more companion cells attached to each sieve tube Provide this energy A sieve tube is completely dependent on his companion cell.
125
What happens to the surface of the cells of the spongy, Mesophyll palisade Mesophyll when the plant open system also to let in carbon dioxide?
Water on the surface of the cells, evaporate and diffuse out of the leaf. This process is called transpiration.
126
What is transpiration?
The loss of water from leaves by evaporation through the stomata.
127
What is hydrogen bonding?
The strongest type of van der Waals force that arises through a dipole-dipole attraction when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to highly electronegative nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atoms.
128
When does hydrogen bonding occur in the xylem?
What are molecules inside the xylem cells are strongly Attracted to other water molecules, there is a strong cohesion between the molecules because of hydrogen bonding
129
What does the strong cohesion between water molecules in the xylem mean?
A continuous column of water is therefore pulled up the step in the transpiration stream by evaporation from the leaves
130
What happens as water travels through the xylem in the stem and leaf
It is being replaced by water, taking up by the roots
131
What is transpiration an unavoidable consequence off?
Photosynthesis
132
Only what percentage of the water taken up by the plant is used for photosynthesis
5%, but it does have its purposes
133
What are the purposes of transpiration in photosynthesis?
1. it provides water for photosynthesis.
2. Transports mineral ions.
3.it cools the leaf as water evaporates.
4. it provides water that keep the cells turgid, which supports herbaceous plants
134
Root hair cells are single celled extensions of what?
Epidermal cells in the root
135
Where do root hair cells grow?
They grow between soil particles and absorb water and minerals from the soil
136
Why does water enter the root hair cell by osmosis?
This happens because soil water has a higher water potential that the cytoplasm of the root hair cell minerals , enter by active transport
137
What are the four factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Temperature
Humidity
Movement.
Light intensity
138
Explain how a temperature increase affects transpiration
It increases the molecular movement, so that more water molecules evaporate from the cell surfaces
139
How does a temperature increase affect the rate of diffusion, as well as transpiration?
The rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf is increased
140
Explain how the humidity decrease affects transpiration?
It reduces the concentration of water molecules outside the leaf
141
What happens to the diffusion of water from the leaf when humidity decreases?
Diffusion of water from the leaf increases
142
Explain how an increase in our movement affects transpiration
It removes water vapour from leaf surfaces, meaning more water diffuses from the leaf
143
What is the removal of water vapour from the leaf surfaces do to the concentration gradient when air movement is increased
A high concentration gradient is maintained
144
Explain how an increase in light intensity, affects transpiration
It increases the rate of photosynthesis and stomata open so that water diffuses out of the leaf
145
How can the uptake of water from transpiration be measured?
Using a potometer
146
Under normal circumstances, the rate of water uptake gives what
A measure of the rate of transpiration
147
Describe a simple potometer
A simple potometer is a piece of carpet, liver tubing, to which the plant has been connected
148
How was water uptake measured by using a potometer?
The water uptake is measured by recording the time taken for a bubble in the tube to move a set distance
149
What does insufficient water affect?
Affect the yields of crops
150
Different factors, affect transpiration and therefore water uptake. How can these be investigated?
Y using a potometer
151
When is Air movement encountered by plants?
In windy conditions
152
How can windy conditions encountered by plants, be produced in a lab?
By using a fan
153
When are the coatings on leaves that blocks the stomata encountered by plants?
Airborne pollution, horticultural use on cuttings and Christmas trees
154
How can coatings on leave that blocks stomata be produced in the lab?
Smear leaf surfaces with petroleum jelly
155
When is highlight intensity encountered by plants?
In sunny, climates or artificial lighting in greenhouses
156
How can hi light intensity, be recreated in an lab?
By artificial lighting
157
When is high-temperature encountered by plants?
In warm and hot climates
158
How can high-temperature be produced in a lab?
With a heater or a greenhouse
159
How are cacti well adapted for survival in the desert? Draw a cactus and label
1. The stems can store water
2. They have a widespread a very deep root systems that can collect water from a larger area of a very deep underground
3. Spine switch on modified leaves these minimise surface area to reduce water loss. Despise also protect the cacti from animals that may eat them.
4. They have a very thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation
5. They have a reduced number of stomata to reduce water loss by transpiration
