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DSE Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy conversion in photosynthesis

A

From light energy to chemical energy stored in food

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2
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

Glucose/Starch and water

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3
Q

What is the role of plants in food chain?

A

Producers

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which organic substances are made from simple inorganic substances using light energy. Oxygen is released as a by-product

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5
Q

What is the significance of photosynthesis?

A
  1. It provides the basic food source for most organisms.
  2. It maintains energy flow in ecosystems.
  3. It maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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6
Q

Define anabolism

A

The process of building up macromolecules.

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7
Q

Major organ for photosynthesis

A

Leaf

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8
Q

Major tissue for photosynthesis

A

Palisade mesophyll

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9
Q

Major cells for photosynthesis

A

Palisade mesophyll cells

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10
Q

Organelle involved in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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11
Q

Pigment involved in photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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12
Q

Significance of broad and flat leaves

A

Provide a large surface area for absorbing sunlight

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13
Q

Significance of thin leaves

A

Allow gases and light to reah the photosynthetic cells easily, speeding up the photosynthetic process

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14
Q

Significance of little overlapping among the leaves

A

Allow each leaf to be exposed to maximum sunlight

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15
Q

Significance of adaptive features of palisade mesophyll

A

It consists of tightly packed cells that contain a high density of chloroplasts.
It is located on the upper side of the leaf for direct exposure to sunlight.
These allow effectve absorption of sunlight

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16
Q

Significance of adaptive features of spongy mesophyll

A

It consists of loosely packed cells with many air spaces. Air spaces allow gases to diffuse freely inside the leaf.
Cells contian chloroplasts (less than p. mesophyll cells)

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17
Q

Significance of adaptive features of stomata

A

Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells that contain chloroplasts.
Stomata open when conditions are favourable for photosynthesis and close when conditions are less favourable.
Regulates the passage of gases and water vapour into and out of the leaf.

18
Q

Adaptive features of midrib and veins

A

They contain vascular bundles that are made up of xylem and phloem. Allow efficient transport of materials into and away from the leaf. Support and spread the leaf blade.

19
Q

Stroma

A

Jelly-like fluid

20
Q

Chloroplast

A

Bounded by a double membrane and is filled with stroma.

21
Q

What substances are in stroma?

A

Enzymes: Catalyse photoynthetic reactions
Starch grains: Temporary stores of photosynthetic products (glucose)
Other photosynthetic products

22
Q

Thylakoids

A

Disc-like membranous sacs

23
Q

Grana (singular: granum)

A

Thylakoids arranged in stacks

24
Q

Where is chlorophyll located?

A

On the thylakoid membranes

25
Q

Adaptive feature of stroma

A

Jelly-like fluid:
Contains enzymes that catalyse photosynthetic reactions
Hold starch grains which are temporary stores of photosynthetic products
Hold other photosynthetic products

26
Q

Adaptive features of thylakoids

A

Membraneous sacs, large in number, arranged in stacks called grana: Provides large surface area to pack more chlorophyll

Grana are interconnected: Allows efficient transport of photosynthetic products within the chloroplast

27
Q

By-product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

28
Q

Process of photosynthesis

A
  1. Photochemical reaction
  2. Carbon fixation (Calvin cycle)
29
Q

Major features of photochemical reactions

A

When cholorophyll captures light energy, some electrons of the chlorophyl are excited.
Energy is released through the electron transport chain, which is used for photophosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Light energy drives the photolysis of water to form hydrogen, which is accepted by NADP to form NADPH, and oxygen, which is released as a by-product.

30
Q

Major features of Calvin cycle

A

Under the action of enzymes, a molecule of carbon dioxide is accepted by a molecule of 5-Carbon compound to form two molecules of 3-C compound.
Energy from ATP and hydrogen from NADPH formed in photochemical reactions are used to reduce the 3-C compound to triose phosphate. Two molecules of triose phosphate combine to form a molecule of glucose
The ADP and NADP regenerated are reused in photochemical reactions.
Most triose phospphate molecules are used to regenerate 5-C carbon dioxide acceptor so that the Calvin cycle can repeat itself. The regeneration requires energy from ATP.

31
Q

Primary product of photosynthesis

A

Triose phosphate

32
Q

What are triose phosphates used for?

A

Quickly synthesised into 5-C compound or glucose.

33
Q

What are glucose used for?

A

-Used in photosynthetic cells as an energy source
-Combined with fructose to form sucrose
-Excess glucose formed quickly built into starch
-Some glucose molecules built into cellulose

34
Q

Function of sucrose

A

For transport to non-photosynthetic cells (eg. roots or growing points) through the phloem.
Sucrose is a suitable form for transport as it is soluble but relatively inactive.

35
Q

Function of starch

A

-Storage source, insoluble
-Can be stored in leaves without affecting water potential of cells
-Broken down to maltose and glucose

36
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Major component of cell walls

37
Q

How are lipids formed from photosynthetic products?

A

Metabolic intermediates of glucose breakdown can be used to synthesise glycerol and fatty acid.
Glycerol and fatty acids combine to form lipids, which may be stored as energy reserve in some plants.

38
Q

Functions of lipids in plants

A

Energy reserve in some plants.
Fatty acids are used to form cell membrane of cells.

39
Q

How are proteins formed from photosynthetic products?

A

Intermediates of glucose breakdown may combine with inorganic ions to form amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

40
Q

Functions of proteins in plants

A

Important for growth and repair, for the synthesis of enzymes.
Component of cell membrane of cells.

DSE Biology (2 decks)

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