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bio topic 5 > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give an overview of Photosynthesis. [2]

A
  • Light dependent reaction occurs on thylakoid membrane in chloroplast
  • Light independent reaction occurs in stroma in chloroplast
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2
Q

What are the required molecules for the Light Dependent reaction? [4]

A
  • NADP
  • ADP
  • Pi
  • H2O
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3
Q

What is OIL RIG?

A

Oxidisation
Is
Loss
Reduction
Is
Gain (of electrons)

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4
Q

What happens in the Light Dependent Reaction? [5]

A
  • Electrons are excited by photons, and are removed from chlorophyll by Photoionisation
  • Electrons move along the transfer chain, releasing energy as they move down
  • This energy is used to join ADP and Pi to form ATP in a condensation reaction
  • Photolysis of water produces electrons, protons (H+ ions) and oxygen
  • NADP is reduced to NADPH by electrons
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5
Q

Describe Chemiosmosis [5]

A
  • As electrons move down the transporter chain
  • Energy is used to move protons into the thylakoid from the stroma
  • Building a concentration gradient
  • Protons move back into the stroma through ATP synthase
  • Using energy to produce ATP from ADP and Pi
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6
Q

Describe Photoionisation [4]

A
  • Photons reach chlorophyll and are absorbed
  • Exciting electrons
  • Electrons are lost
  • Chlorophyll is positively charged
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7
Q

Describe Photolysis [4]

A
  • Light splits water
  • Releasing electrons, protons and oxygen
  • Electrons replace those lost from the chlorophyll during photoionisation
  • Protons are taken up by the NADP electron carrier and are reduced (NADPH)
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8
Q

What are the products of the Light Dependent reaction, and their uses?

A

ATP > used in light independent reaction
NADPH > used in light independent reaction
Oxygen > leaves cell as a by-product, used in respiration

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9
Q

What is the Light Independent reaction also known as?

A

The Calvin Cycle

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10
Q

What are the required molecules for the Light Independent reaction? [4]

A
  • ATP
  • NADPH
  • CO2
  • rubisco
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11
Q

What happens in the Light Independent Reaction? [7]

A
  • Carbon dioxide combines with RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)
  • Using the enzyme rubisco
  • Producing two GP (glycerate 3- phosphate)
  • GP reduced to triose phosphate (TP)
  • Using NADPH
  • Using energy from ATP
  • Triose Phosphate is converted to glucose (or another named organic substance)
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12
Q

Name all the parts of the structure of a Chloroplast [9]

A
  • Nucleoid (circular DNA)
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum (thylakoid stack)
  • Lamellae
  • Starch Granule
  • Ribosome
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
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13
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor is limiting if when it’s made a more favourable value, the rate of photosynthesis increases, until photosynthesis is limited by a different factor

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14
Q

What are the 3 environmental factors limiting the rate of Photosynthesis?

A
  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • CO2 concentration
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15
Q

Temperature [6]

A

Rate of photosynthesis increases as temp increases up to an optimum, after which it decreases
Limits light independent reaction as it’s enzyme controlled (rubisco)
Increasing temp up to optimum…
- More kinetic energy
- More E-S complexes (rubisco)
Above optimum…
- H bonds in tertiary structure break active site changes shape - enzyme denatured (rubisco)
- Fewer E-S complexes

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16
Q

Light Intensity [6]

A

Rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases (then plateaus)
If light intensity reduced…
- Light Dependent reaction limited
- Levels of ATP and NADPH would fall as less photoionisation of chlorophyll occured
- Meaning light independent reaction would also slow
- GP can’t be reduced to TP (requires ATP and NADPH)
- TP can’t regenerate RuBP (requires ATP)

17
Q

CO2 Concentration [5]

A

Rate of photosynthesis increases as CO2 conc increases
(then plateaus)
If carbon dioxide concentration dramatically decreased…
- Limits light independent reaction
- Less CO2 to combine with RuBP to form GP
- Less GP reduced to TP
- Less TP (and GP) converted to organic substances
e.g. to regenerate RuBP

18
Q

Give 3 common agricultural practices used to overcome the effect of these limiting factors

A
  • growing plants under artificial lighting to maximise light intensity
  • heating a greenhouse to increase the temperature
  • burning fuel to release more carbon dioxide
19
Q

If limiting factors are minimal, rate of photosynthesis will increase, so… [3]

A
  • Faster production of glucose allowing faster respiration
  • More ATP to provide energy for growth (e.g. cell division, protein synthesis)
  • Higher yield so more profit

bio topic 5 (4 decks)

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