Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
What is an autotroph
A
An organism that sustains itself without eating other organisms
2
Q
Where does an autotroph get its carbon from
A
Carbon dioxide
3
Q
Where does a heterotroph get its energy from
A
Inorganic molecules
4
Q
Where does a heterotroph get its carbon from
A
Organic molecules
5
Q
Where do photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from
A
Light
6
Q
In a plant cell, where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in
A
Chloroplasts
7
Q
In the plant cell, where do the independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in
A
Cytoplasm
8
Q
Which colours of light work best for photosynthesis? Why don’t others?
A
Blue and red
Green reflects
9
Q
Where are the pigment molecules of a chloroplast located within
A
Thylakoid membrane
10
Q
What is the source of protons for the proton gradient with a chloroplast?
A
Water
11
Q
Where does energy for attaching phosphate to ADP in photo system 2 come directly from?
A
A proton gradient
12
Q
What is the molecule in the Calvin- Benson Cycle that combines with Carbon dioxide
A
Ruby lose biphosphate
13
Q
How many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP
A
5
14
Q
What do plants store glucose as
A
Starch
15
Q
If all of green plants were to suddenly disappear, which of the following substances normally found in the atmosphere would be first used up?
A
02
16
Q
What occurs during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?
A
Carbohydrate molecules are synthesized
17
Q
Photosynthesis is the transformation of ____ energy to ____ energy
A
Light/chemical potential
18
Q
In plants, what is the main kind of light absorbing molecule
A
Chlorophyll
19
Q
If an object is black, it ____ all wavelengths of light; if it appears white, it ____ all wavelengths of ligh
A
Absorbs/reflects
20
Q
When a photon of light is absorbed by a pigments _____ is elevated to a state in which it has more ____
A
Electron/energy
21
Q
In the light dependent reactions, ____ energy is absorbed and briefly stored in the molecules ___and ___
A
Light/NADPH/ATP
22
Q
In the light independedjtbreactiojs of photosynthesis, the energy stored in ___ and ___ is used to build ___
A
NADPH/ATP/PGAL(2 pgal-> glucose)
23
Q
The light independent reaction takes place in the ___ of the chloroplast
A
Cytoplasm
24
Q
What is the function of cellular respiration
A
Make atp
25
What does anaerobic mean
Without oxygen
26
What process of cellular respiration makes direct use of oxygen?
Electron transport (O2 in final electron acceptor)
27
How many molecules of oxygen gas are used during glycolysis of one glucose molecule
0 (glycolysis does not require oxygen)
28
During glycolysis, what does glucose split into?
Two purification acid molecules
29
When oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass electrons to the ETS. Where does it pass the hydrogen atoms to instead?
Pyruvic acid -> to form lactic acid
30
What process releases a carbon dioxide molecule?
Alcohol fermentation (produce are ethyl, alcohol and CO2)
31
How many carbon atoms are in a citric acid molecule, the molecule formed when acetyl Co A enters the Krebs Cycle?
6
32
At the end of the krebs cycke, what is most of the energy removed from the glucose model is transferred to?
NADPH and FADH2 ( this will deliver electrons to ETS to produce 32 ATP
33
In the ETS, the final acceptor of electrons is?
Oxygen
34
In aerobic respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during
Electron transport (32 atp)
35
The free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six of carbon dioxide is -686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules. The rest is
Converted to heat. No process is 100% efficient
36
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
37
Where does the kerbs cycle and electron transport take place?
Within the mitochondrion
38
What molecule regularly passes out of the mitochondrion?
ATP
39
Within the mitochondrion, where does the proton gradient develop across?
Intermembrane space
40
What is the function of the mitochondrial crustose?
Increase the surface aero of the inner membrane
41
What is the main advantage of aerobic cellular respiration over lactic acid fermentation?
More energy is released from each glucose molecule
42
What is the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Krebs prep
Krebs cycle
Chemiosmosis/ ETS
43
In fermentation, the hydrogen atoms removed from glucose end up up as part of
lactic acid or ethyl alcohol
44
In the fermentation of one glucose molecule, there is a net gain of
2 molecules of ATP
45
FAD & FADH2 are functionally most similar to
NAD and NADH
46
Electrons enter the electron transport system as a part of hydrogen atoms attached to
NADH and FADH2
47
Energy released from electrons during electron transport is used to move…
Hydrogen ions out of the matrix and into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion
48
Transport of gases, nutrients and fluids through the body
Circulatory system
49
Protect the body from infection and foreign agents
Immune system
50
Exchange gases between environment and body
Respiratory system
51
Remove metabolic wastes and maintain water balance
Excretory system
52
Break, ingested, macro molecules into smaller subunits
Digestive system
53
Return interstitial fluid to the blood
Lymphatic system
54
What is an enzyme?
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.
55
The enzyme sucrase acts on
Sucrose
56
Hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in the cells; in this way, it prevents the enzymes activity. Hence, hydrogen cyanide can be best described as.
Competitive inhibitor
57
An enzyme promote a chemical reaction by
Lowering the energy of activation
58
A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, but it’s self remains unchanged when the reaction is over, is a
Catalyst
59
A high fever is dangerous to human because enzymes are? What happens to their active site?
Denatured by heat
The shape is changed in there, for the enzyme can no longer function at optimum capacity
60
A metabolic pathway is a sequence of
Chemical reactions
61
What organ is responsible for the storage of bile?
Gallbladder
62
What organ is responsible for the production of bile?
Liver
63
What organ is responsible for the secretion of HCl?
Stomach
64
What organ is responsible for storing food?
Stomach
65
What organ is responsible for the secretion of lipase?
Pancreas
66
What organ is responsible for grinding food?
Oral cavity and stomach
67
What organ is responsible for mixing food?
Oral cavity and stomach
68
What organ is responsible for secretion of trypsin?
Pancreas
69
What organ is responsible for moving food into the stomach?
Esophagus
70
What organ is responsible for the production of vitamins B and K?
Large intestine
71
What organ is responsible for the secretion of sodium by carbonate?
Pancreas
72
What organ is responsible for manufacturing Emily secreted into the duodenum
Pancreas
73
What organ is responsible for the absorption of water and minerals?
Large intestine
74
What organ is responsible for the secretion of amylase?
Oral cavity and pancreas
75
What organ is responsible for the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen
absorption of nutrients into the blood cells
conversion of glycogen into glucose when needed digestion of starch
Liver
76
True or false fluid can be exchanged between the materials and the tissues of the body
False
77
True or false the function of the lymph glands is to add fluid to the lymph vessels
False
78
True or false osmotic pressure causes blood to exit at the capillaries
True
79
True or false systolic pressure is the pressure in the veins when the ventricles are contracting
False
80
True or false red blood cells are unable to leave the capillaries during capillary fluid exchange
True
81
True or false normal blood pressure range is between 110/70 and 120/80
True
82
True or false The blood pressure in an arterial is higher than in a venule
True
83
True or false Precapillary sphincters are valves that are found inside capillaries
False
84
True or false The carotid artery is the largest artery in the body
False
85
True or false Venules have a greater blood pressure than capillaries
False
86
True or false it is systolic and diastolic pressure that drives the capillary fluid exchange
False
87
Starting from an ending with the heart, what is the blood flow through the human circulatory system?
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venues
Veins
88
Starting from an ending with the right atrium, what is the flow of blood through the heart and body
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
aorta
Body cells
Vena cava
89
What are vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Artery
90
What are vessels that carry blood towards the heart?
Veins
91
What are tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick?
Capillaries
92
Thick wall that divides the heart into two sides
Septum
93
Upper chambers of the heart that receives blood
Atria
94
Lower chambers of the heart pump, blood out of the heart
Ventricle
95
Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid
96
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid
97
Valves found between the ventricles and blood vessels
Semilunar valves
98
The only artery in the body, which is rich in carbon dioxide
Pulmonary artery
99
The only vein in the body, which is rich in oxygen
Pulmonary vein
100
Iron containing molecule in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
101
White blood cells, which produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
102
Liquid part of the blood
Plasma
103
Returns tissue fluid to the blood
Lymphatic system
104
Cell fragments involved, including
Platelets
105
Foreign molecules in the body
Antigens
106
Cancer of the bone marrow
Leukaemia
107
Condition in which the blood cannot carry sufficient
Anaemia
108
Strands of proteins involved, including
Fibrin
109
Reacts with antigens and inactivates them
Antibodies
110
The pacemaker is a small region of muscle called
Sinoatrial node, a.k.a. SA note
111
Where is the Sinoatrial node?
Upper back wall of the right atrium
112
What does the sinoatrial node do?
Triggers an impulse that causes both atria contract
113
Where do the pulses of the sinoatrial node reach?
Atrioventricular node
114
Where is the atrioventricular node?
Bottom right of the atria
115
What do the atrioventricular node trigger an impulse in?
Ventricles contract
116
During inhalation/exhalation air flows into the alveoli
Inhalation
117
During inhalation/exhalation the thoracic cavity volume decreases
Exhalation
118
During inhalation/exhalation, the pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity
Inhalation
119
During inhalation/exhalation the diaphragm relaxes
Exhalation
120
During inhalation/exhalation the intercostal muscles contract
Inhalation
121
During inhalation/exhalation, there is an expenditure of metabolic energy
Inhalation
122
True or false vital lung capacity is greater than the total long capacity
False
123
True or false residual volume is the volume of air that is in the lungs after inspiration
False
124
True or false tidal volume is the volume of air that you use during normal breathing
True
125
True or false forced exhalation would account for the expiratory reserve volume
True
126
True or false 99% of the oxygen transported in the blood, combines with haemoglobin within the red blood cell
True
127
True or false oxygen is actively transported across the alveolar walls
False
128
The surface area of a human lung is made larger by alveoli and is approximately the size of
Tennis court
129
Breathing rate in mammals is controlled by a part of the brain called the
Medulla oblongata
130
The breathing centre in the brain responsible for the lead to changes in the
Carbon dioxide concentration of the blood
131
Gases move across membranes by? To move in this way they must be?
Passive diffusion,moist
132
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of
Bicarbonate ions
133
Hydrogen ions formed when carbon dioxide enters, the blood become attached to
A buffer so that the addition of carbon dioxide causes only small decrease in blood pH
134
A mammal ventilates it’s lungs by moving it’s
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
135
The major cartilage rings tube which carries air from the larynx is the
Trachea
136
The trachea branches into two ____ then many ____ and millions of ___
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
137
True or false the ureters carry filter, blood to the bladder
False
138
What is aldosterone released by?
Adrenal glands
139
True or false secretion occurs as waste move actively from the blood into the collecting duct
True
140
True or false antidiuretic hormone would cause the blood pressure to increase
True
141
True or false sodium is not needed by the body and it’s never retained by the kidneys
False
142
True or false aldosterone cause his kidneys tubules to become less permeable to sodium
False
143
True or false glucose is moved out of the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport
True
144
True or false filtration is the movement of fluids containing wastes in nutrients from the proximal convoluted tubule to the glomerulus
False
145
The basic unit of a vertebrae kidney is the
Nephron
146
A mammal excretes nitrogen in the form of
Urea
147
The force that moves fluid from the blood into the glomerulus is
Blood pressure
148
Which components of blood does not enter the Nephron
Plasma proteins
149
Adjustments in sodium concentration occur at the
Loop of Henle of the nephron
150
Reabsorption of sodium ions is controlled by the hormone
Aldosterone
151
Permeability of the collecting duct to water is controlled by the
ADH hormone
152
Where is the ADH hormone released by?
Pituitary gland
153
A rat loses its tail those who believe the rats offspring will be born, without tails are following the doctrine of
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
154
Most fossils are found in
Sedimentary rocks
155
Turtle has a trait that gives it a survival advantage. Overtime the percentage of this trait in the population increased. This is due to
Natural selection
156
Darwin describe natural selection as
Survival value of random differences
157
Evolution can occur more rapidly among organisms which reproduce sexually, then among organisms, which reproduce asexually, because
Sexual reproduction is more likely to produce a variety of offspring
158
A new species is formed when
A group of organisms can no longer interbreed with other closely related organisms to produce fertile offspring
159
The binomial system of classification named every kind of organism according to
Genus and species
160
The branch of biology devoted to naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
161
Much of the evidence in support of evolution is in the form of
Fossils
162
If decomposers did not exist on earth, the only method of recycling carbon would be by subjecting organic material to
Digestion
163
There are fewer organisms at each higher step of the food pyramid because
Energy is lost as heat in each step
164
What is the role of decomposers?
Release carbon from dead bodies
165
If nitrogen, fixing, and nitrifying bacteria in the soil were destroyed, I probably result would be a reduction in the availability of
Proteins
166
A sequence of species through which the organic molecules in a community pass is called a
Food chain
167
Ecological pyramid of biomass is a representation of the ecosystems
Tissue at each trophic level
168
An ecological pyramid of energy flow is often an inverted pyramid in what ecosystem
Ocean
169
The largest Reservoir of phosphorus in the biosphere is the
Rocks
170
The main nitrogen reservoir in the biosphere is the
Atmosphere
171
What is an ecosystem?
Biological community and components of the physical environment in which the community interacts
172
What converts light energy into chemical energy? Producer, consumer, both or none.
Producer
173
What supplies food for consumer producer, consumer, both or none
Both
174
What uses the energy of sunlight to manufacture, food, producer, consumer, both or none
Producer
175
What has the ability to create energy? producer, consumer, neither, both
Neither
176
What organisms cannot make their own food? Producers, consumers, both neither.
Consumer
177
What is constantly being lost from the living system? Matter, energy, both or none.
Energy
178
What moves from nonliving materials to living things and stops there? Matter, energy, both or none.
None
179
What can be changed from one form to another by the activities of organisms? Matter, energy, neither, both.
Energy
180
What can be passed from one organism to another? Matter, energy, both, neither.
Both
181
What is present in organic compounds? Matter, energy, both, neither.
Both
182
What includes molecules which move in cycles from nonliving to living things and back to living things? Matter, energy, both, neither.
Matter
183
What is returned from the living world to the nonliving world in the form of Pete matter, energy, both, neither
Energy
184
What is the total quantity returned to the nonliving world from the living world equals the amount transferred from the nonliving to the living world? Matter, energy, neither, both.
Matter
185
What is ozone depletion
Use of CFCs create holes in ozone layer, allowing greater amounts of solar radiation to enter the atmosphere. Increased cancer rates in humans, affect growth cycles of organisms etc
186
Acid rain
Burning of fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into atmosphere, react with water to form acids.
187
Enhanced greenhouse effect
Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into atmosphere
