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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an autotroph

A

An organism that sustains itself without eating other organisms

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2
Q

Where does an autotroph get its carbon from

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Where does a heterotroph get its energy from

A

Inorganic molecules

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4
Q

Where does a heterotroph get its carbon from

A

Organic molecules

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5
Q

Where do photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from

A

Light

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6
Q

In a plant cell, where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in

A

Chloroplasts

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7
Q

In the plant cell, where do the independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Which colours of light work best for photosynthesis? Why don’t others?

A

Blue and red
Green reflects

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9
Q

Where are the pigment molecules of a chloroplast located within

A

Thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

What is the source of protons for the proton gradient with a chloroplast?

A

Water

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11
Q

Where does energy for attaching phosphate to ADP in photo system 2 come directly from?

A

A proton gradient

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12
Q

What is the molecule in the Calvin- Benson Cycle that combines with Carbon dioxide

A

Ruby lose biphosphate

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13
Q

How many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP

A

5

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14
Q

What do plants store glucose as

A

Starch

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15
Q

If all of green plants were to suddenly disappear, which of the following substances normally found in the atmosphere would be first used up?

A

02

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16
Q

What occurs during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Carbohydrate molecules are synthesized

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17
Q

Photosynthesis is the transformation of ____ energy to ____ energy

A

Light/chemical potential

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18
Q

In plants, what is the main kind of light absorbing molecule

A

Chlorophyll

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19
Q

If an object is black, it ____ all wavelengths of light; if it appears white, it ____ all wavelengths of ligh

A

Absorbs/reflects

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20
Q

When a photon of light is absorbed by a pigments _____ is elevated to a state in which it has more ____

A

Electron/energy

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21
Q

In the light dependent reactions, ____ energy is absorbed and briefly stored in the molecules ___and ___

A

Light/NADPH/ATP

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22
Q

In the light independedjtbreactiojs of photosynthesis, the energy stored in ___ and ___ is used to build ___

A

NADPH/ATP/PGAL(2 pgal-> glucose)

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23
Q

The light independent reaction takes place in the ___ of the chloroplast

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration

A

Make atp

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25
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

Without oxygen

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26
Q

What process of cellular respiration makes direct use of oxygen?

A

Electron transport (O2 in final electron acceptor)

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27
Q

How many molecules of oxygen gas are used during glycolysis of one glucose molecule

A

0 (glycolysis does not require oxygen)

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28
Q

During glycolysis, what does glucose split into?

A

Two purification acid molecules

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29
Q

When oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass electrons to the ETS. Where does it pass the hydrogen atoms to instead?

A

Pyruvic acid -> to form lactic acid

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30
Q

What process releases a carbon dioxide molecule?

A

Alcohol fermentation (produce are ethyl, alcohol and CO2)

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31
Q

How many carbon atoms are in a citric acid molecule, the molecule formed when acetyl Co A enters the Krebs Cycle?

A

6

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32
Q

At the end of the krebs cycke, what is most of the energy removed from the glucose model is transferred to?

A

NADPH and FADH2 ( this will deliver electrons to ETS to produce 32 ATP

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33
Q

In the ETS, the final acceptor of electrons is?

A

Oxygen

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34
Q

In aerobic respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during

A

Electron transport (32 atp)

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35
Q

The free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six of carbon dioxide is -686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules. The rest is

A

Converted to heat. No process is 100% efficient

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36
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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37
Q

Where does the kerbs cycle and electron transport take place?

A

Within the mitochondrion

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38
Q

What molecule regularly passes out of the mitochondrion?

A

ATP

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39
Q

Within the mitochondrion, where does the proton gradient develop across?

A

Intermembrane space

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40
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrial crustose?

A

Increase the surface aero of the inner membrane

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41
Q

What is the main advantage of aerobic cellular respiration over lactic acid fermentation?

A

More energy is released from each glucose molecule

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42
Q

What is the four stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs prep
Krebs cycle
Chemiosmosis/ ETS

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43
Q

In fermentation, the hydrogen atoms removed from glucose end up up as part of

A

lactic acid or ethyl alcohol

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44
Q

In the fermentation of one glucose molecule, there is a net gain of

A

2 molecules of ATP

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45
Q

FAD & FADH2 are functionally most similar to

A

NAD and NADH

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46
Q

Electrons enter the electron transport system as a part of hydrogen atoms attached to

A

NADH and FADH2

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47
Q

Energy released from electrons during electron transport is used to move…

A

Hydrogen ions out of the matrix and into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion

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48
Q

Transport of gases, nutrients and fluids through the body

A

Circulatory system

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49
Q

Protect the body from infection and foreign agents

A

Immune system

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50
Q

Exchange gases between environment and body

A

Respiratory system

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51
Q

Remove metabolic wastes and maintain water balance

A

Excretory system

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52
Q

Break, ingested, macro molecules into smaller subunits

A

Digestive system

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53
Q

Return interstitial fluid to the blood

A

Lymphatic system

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54
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.

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55
Q

The enzyme sucrase acts on

A

Sucrose

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56
Q

Hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in the cells; in this way, it prevents the enzymes activity. Hence, hydrogen cyanide can be best described as.

A

Competitive inhibitor

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57
Q

An enzyme promote a chemical reaction by

A

Lowering the energy of activation

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58
Q

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, but it’s self remains unchanged when the reaction is over, is a

A

Catalyst

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59
Q

A high fever is dangerous to human because enzymes are? What happens to their active site?

A

Denatured by heat
The shape is changed in there, for the enzyme can no longer function at optimum capacity

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60
Q

A metabolic pathway is a sequence of

A

Chemical reactions

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61
Q

What organ is responsible for the storage of bile?

A

Gallbladder

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62
Q

What organ is responsible for the production of bile?

A

Liver

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63
Q

What organ is responsible for the secretion of HCl?

A

Stomach

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64
Q

What organ is responsible for storing food?

A

Stomach

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65
Q

What organ is responsible for the secretion of lipase?

A

Pancreas

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66
Q

What organ is responsible for grinding food?

A

Oral cavity and stomach

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67
Q

What organ is responsible for mixing food?

A

Oral cavity and stomach

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68
Q

What organ is responsible for secretion of trypsin?

A

Pancreas

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69
Q

What organ is responsible for moving food into the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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70
Q

What organ is responsible for the production of vitamins B and K?

A

Large intestine

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71
Q

What organ is responsible for the secretion of sodium by carbonate?

A

Pancreas

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72
Q

What organ is responsible for manufacturing Emily secreted into the duodenum

A

Pancreas

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73
Q

What organ is responsible for the absorption of water and minerals?

A

Large intestine

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74
Q

What organ is responsible for the secretion of amylase?

A

Oral cavity and pancreas

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75
Q

What organ is responsible for the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen
absorption of nutrients into the blood cells
conversion of glycogen into glucose when needed digestion of starch

A

Liver

76
Q

True or false fluid can be exchanged between the materials and the tissues of the body

A

False

77
Q

True or false the function of the lymph glands is to add fluid to the lymph vessels

A

False

78
Q

True or false osmotic pressure causes blood to exit at the capillaries

A

True

79
Q

True or false systolic pressure is the pressure in the veins when the ventricles are contracting

A

False

80
Q

True or false red blood cells are unable to leave the capillaries during capillary fluid exchange

A

True

81
Q

True or false normal blood pressure range is between 110/70 and 120/80

A

True

82
Q

True or false The blood pressure in an arterial is higher than in a venule

A

True

83
Q

True or false Precapillary sphincters are valves that are found inside capillaries

A

False

84
Q

True or false The carotid artery is the largest artery in the body

A

False

85
Q

True or false Venules have a greater blood pressure than capillaries

A

False

86
Q

True or false it is systolic and diastolic pressure that drives the capillary fluid exchange

A

False

87
Q

Starting from an ending with the heart, what is the blood flow through the human circulatory system?

A

Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venues
Veins

88
Q

Starting from an ending with the right atrium, what is the flow of blood through the heart and body

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
aorta
Body cells
Vena cava

89
Q

What are vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Artery

90
Q

What are vessels that carry blood towards the heart?

A

Veins

91
Q

What are tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick?

A

Capillaries

92
Q

Thick wall that divides the heart into two sides

A

Septum

93
Q

Upper chambers of the heart that receives blood

A

Atria

94
Q

Lower chambers of the heart pump, blood out of the heart

A

Ventricle

95
Q

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid

96
Q

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid

97
Q

Valves found between the ventricles and blood vessels

A

Semilunar valves

98
Q

The only artery in the body, which is rich in carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary artery

99
Q

The only vein in the body, which is rich in oxygen

A

Pulmonary vein

100
Q

Iron containing molecule in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

101
Q

White blood cells, which produce antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

102
Q

Liquid part of the blood

A

Plasma

103
Q

Returns tissue fluid to the blood

A

Lymphatic system

104
Q

Cell fragments involved, including

A

Platelets

105
Q

Foreign molecules in the body

A

Antigens

106
Q

Cancer of the bone marrow

A

Leukaemia

107
Q

Condition in which the blood cannot carry sufficient

A

Anaemia

108
Q

Strands of proteins involved, including

A

Fibrin

109
Q

Reacts with antigens and inactivates them

A

Antibodies

110
Q

The pacemaker is a small region of muscle called

A

Sinoatrial node, a.k.a. SA note

111
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial node?

A

Upper back wall of the right atrium

112
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

Triggers an impulse that causes both atria contract

113
Q

Where do the pulses of the sinoatrial node reach?

A

Atrioventricular node

114
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node?

A

Bottom right of the atria

115
Q

What do the atrioventricular node trigger an impulse in?

A

Ventricles contract

116
Q

During inhalation/exhalation air flows into the alveoli

A

Inhalation

117
Q

During inhalation/exhalation the thoracic cavity volume decreases

A

Exhalation

118
Q

During inhalation/exhalation, the pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity

A

Inhalation

119
Q

During inhalation/exhalation the diaphragm relaxes

A

Exhalation

120
Q

During inhalation/exhalation the intercostal muscles contract

A

Inhalation

121
Q

During inhalation/exhalation, there is an expenditure of metabolic energy

A

Inhalation

122
Q

True or false vital lung capacity is greater than the total long capacity

A

False

123
Q

True or false residual volume is the volume of air that is in the lungs after inspiration

A

False

124
Q

True or false tidal volume is the volume of air that you use during normal breathing

A

True

125
Q

True or false forced exhalation would account for the expiratory reserve volume

A

True

126
Q

True or false 99% of the oxygen transported in the blood, combines with haemoglobin within the red blood cell

A

True

127
Q

True or false oxygen is actively transported across the alveolar walls

A

False

128
Q

The surface area of a human lung is made larger by alveoli and is approximately the size of

A

Tennis court

129
Q

Breathing rate in mammals is controlled by a part of the brain called the

A

Medulla oblongata

130
Q

The breathing centre in the brain responsible for the lead to changes in the

A

Carbon dioxide concentration of the blood

131
Q

Gases move across membranes by? To move in this way they must be?

A

Passive diffusion,moist

132
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of

A

Bicarbonate ions

133
Q

Hydrogen ions formed when carbon dioxide enters, the blood become attached to

A

A buffer so that the addition of carbon dioxide causes only small decrease in blood pH

134
Q

A mammal ventilates it’s lungs by moving it’s

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

135
Q

The major cartilage rings tube which carries air from the larynx is the

A

Trachea

136
Q

The trachea branches into two ____ then many ____ and millions of ___

A

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

137
Q

True or false the ureters carry filter, blood to the bladder

A

False

138
Q

What is aldosterone released by?

A

Adrenal glands

139
Q

True or false secretion occurs as waste move actively from the blood into the collecting duct

A

True

140
Q

True or false antidiuretic hormone would cause the blood pressure to increase

A

True

141
Q

True or false sodium is not needed by the body and it’s never retained by the kidneys

A

False

142
Q

True or false aldosterone cause his kidneys tubules to become less permeable to sodium

A

False

143
Q

True or false glucose is moved out of the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport

A

True

144
Q

True or false filtration is the movement of fluids containing wastes in nutrients from the proximal convoluted tubule to the glomerulus

A

False

145
Q

The basic unit of a vertebrae kidney is the

A

Nephron

146
Q

A mammal excretes nitrogen in the form of

A

Urea

147
Q

The force that moves fluid from the blood into the glomerulus is

A

Blood pressure

148
Q

Which components of blood does not enter the Nephron

A

Plasma proteins

149
Q

Adjustments in sodium concentration occur at the

A

Loop of Henle of the nephron

150
Q

Reabsorption of sodium ions is controlled by the hormone

A

Aldosterone

151
Q

Permeability of the collecting duct to water is controlled by the

A

ADH hormone

152
Q

Where is the ADH hormone released by?

A

Pituitary gland

153
Q

A rat loses its tail those who believe the rats offspring will be born, without tails are following the doctrine of

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

154
Q

Most fossils are found in

A

Sedimentary rocks

155
Q

Turtle has a trait that gives it a survival advantage. Overtime the percentage of this trait in the population increased. This is due to

A

Natural selection

156
Q

Darwin describe natural selection as

A

Survival value of random differences

157
Q

Evolution can occur more rapidly among organisms which reproduce sexually, then among organisms, which reproduce asexually, because

A

Sexual reproduction is more likely to produce a variety of offspring

158
Q

A new species is formed when

A

A group of organisms can no longer interbreed with other closely related organisms to produce fertile offspring

159
Q

The binomial system of classification named every kind of organism according to

A

Genus and species

160
Q

The branch of biology devoted to naming and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

161
Q

Much of the evidence in support of evolution is in the form of

A

Fossils

162
Q

If decomposers did not exist on earth, the only method of recycling carbon would be by subjecting organic material to

A

Digestion

163
Q

There are fewer organisms at each higher step of the food pyramid because

A

Energy is lost as heat in each step

164
Q

What is the role of decomposers?

A

Release carbon from dead bodies

165
Q

If nitrogen, fixing, and nitrifying bacteria in the soil were destroyed, I probably result would be a reduction in the availability of

A

Proteins

166
Q

A sequence of species through which the organic molecules in a community pass is called a

A

Food chain

167
Q

Ecological pyramid of biomass is a representation of the ecosystems

A

Tissue at each trophic level

168
Q

An ecological pyramid of energy flow is often an inverted pyramid in what ecosystem

A

Ocean

169
Q

The largest Reservoir of phosphorus in the biosphere is the

A

Rocks

170
Q

The main nitrogen reservoir in the biosphere is the

A

Atmosphere

171
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Biological community and components of the physical environment in which the community interacts

172
Q

What converts light energy into chemical energy? Producer, consumer, both or none.

A

Producer

173
Q

What supplies food for consumer producer, consumer, both or none

A

Both

174
Q

What uses the energy of sunlight to manufacture, food, producer, consumer, both or none

A

Producer

175
Q

What has the ability to create energy? producer, consumer, neither, both

A

Neither

176
Q

What organisms cannot make their own food? Producers, consumers, both neither.

A

Consumer

177
Q

What is constantly being lost from the living system? Matter, energy, both or none.

A

Energy

178
Q

What moves from nonliving materials to living things and stops there? Matter, energy, both or none.

A

None

179
Q

What can be changed from one form to another by the activities of organisms? Matter, energy, neither, both.

A

Energy

180
Q

What can be passed from one organism to another? Matter, energy, both, neither.

A

Both

181
Q

What is present in organic compounds? Matter, energy, both, neither.

A

Both

182
Q

What includes molecules which move in cycles from nonliving to living things and back to living things? Matter, energy, both, neither.

A

Matter

183
Q

What is returned from the living world to the nonliving world in the form of Pete matter, energy, both, neither

A

Energy

184
Q

What is the total quantity returned to the nonliving world from the living world equals the amount transferred from the nonliving to the living world? Matter, energy, neither, both.

A

Matter

185
Q

What is ozone depletion

A

Use of CFCs create holes in ozone layer, allowing greater amounts of solar radiation to enter the atmosphere. Increased cancer rates in humans, affect growth cycles of organisms etc

186
Q

Acid rain

A

Burning of fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into atmosphere, react with water to form acids.

187
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into atmosphere

Bio Final (2 decks)

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