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Biology Test 2 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

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2
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, sustaining themselves.

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3
Q

What do Autotrophs produce?

A

Produces organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

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4
Q

What are the three types of Autotrophs?

A

The three types of autotrophs are: -photo autotrophs
-chemoautotrophs
-heterotrophs

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5
Q

What are Photoautothrophs?

A

Photoautotrophs use photosynthesis to produce the organic compounds.

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6
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs?

A

Chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain the energy to make organic molecules.

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7
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere obtain organic material from other organisms.

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8
Q

What is Photosynthesis Balance Equation?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

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10
Q

Leaves are the major location of ___?

A

Leaves are the major location of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

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11
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll.

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12
Q

Where are mesophyll found?

A

Mesophylls are the interior tissue of the leaf.

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13
Q

What is the process of Stomata?

A

The process of Stomata is when CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores.

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14
Q

What is the stroma?

A

CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores.

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15
Q

What are granas made of?

A

Granas are Thylakoids stacked in columns.

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16
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Thylakoids are connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system

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17
Q

Where are thylakoids located?

A

Thylakoids are located in chloroplasts.

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18
Q

What gives leaves their green color?

A

Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color.

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19
Q

Where is chlorophyll located?

A

Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes.

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20
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The two stages of photosynthesis are:
- Light reactions
- Calvin cycle

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21
Q

What is the photo part of photosynthesis called?

A

Light reactions

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22
Q

What is the synthesis part of photosynthesis called?

A

Calvin cycle

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23
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

Light reactions occur in the thylakoids.

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24
Q

What is the process of light reactions?

A

The process of light reactions is to:
1. Split H2O
2. Release O2
3. Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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25
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

The Calvin cycle occur in the stroma.

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26
Q

How does the Calvin cycle form sugar?

A

The Calvin cycle forms sugar from CO2, using the energy from ATP and NADPH.

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27
Q

Leaves are green, which means they don’t _____ green light?

A

Leaves are green, which means they don’t ABSORB green light.

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28
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle in order

A

The three phases of the Calvin cycle are:
- Carbon Fixation
- Reduction
- Regeneration

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29
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

Carbon fixation is the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules.

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30
Q

In Photosynthesis, _____ is getting oxidized and _____ is getting reduced.

A

In photosynthesis, H2O is getting oxidized (loses H+) and CO2 is getting reduced (gains H+).

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31
Q

Is photosyntheses an endergonic or an exogenic process?

A

Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by light.

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32
Q

What is light?

A

Light is electromagnetic energy or radiation.

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33
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Wavelength is the distance between wave crests.

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34
Q

What are pigments?

A

Pigments are substances that absorb visible light.
• Different pigments absorb different wavelengths.
• Unabsorbed wavelengths are reflected or transmitted

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35
Q

What is an absorption spectrum?

A

An absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.

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36
Q

What is an action spectrum?

A

An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process, such as photosynthesis.

37
Q

What are the three types of pigments in chloroplasts?

A

The three types of pigments in chloroplasts are:
- Chlorophyll a
- Chlorophyll b
- Carotenoids

38
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll a?

A

Chlorophyll a is the key light-capturing pigment

39
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll b?

A

Chlorophyll b broadens the action spectrum.

40
Q

What is the function of Carotenoids?

A

Carotenoids also broaden the spectrum, but can provide PHOTO-PROTECTION

41
Q

What happens when a pigment absorbs light? Is it stable or unstable?

A

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable.

42
Q

What happens when excited electrons fall back to ground state?

A

When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, excess energy is released as heat.

43
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Photosystems consist of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes.

44
Q

What are light-harvesting complexes?

A

Light-harvesting complexes consist of pigment molecules bound to proteins & transfer the energy of photons to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center complex.

45
Q

What is reaction-center complex?

A

The reaction-center complex is an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

46
Q

Which type of chlorophyll pigment can transfer excited electrons to a different molecule?

A

Chlorophyll a

47
Q

What is a primary electron acceptor?

A

A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result.

48
Q

What are the two types of photosystems in order?

A

The two types of photosystems are:
1. Photosystem 2 (PS II)
2. Photosystem 1 (PS I)

49
Q

Where are photosystems located?

A

Photosystems are located in the thylakoids.

50
Q

Which photosystem is represented as P680?

A

Photosystem 2 is represented as P680

51
Q

Which photosystem is represented by P700?

A

Photosystem 1 is represented by P700.

52
Q

What are the two possible routes in light reactions?

A

The two possible routes in light reactions are:
- Cyclic electron flow
- Linear electron flow

53
Q

What is the primary path flow for light reactions? What is involved during this path flow?

A

The primary path flow for light reactions is Linear Electron Flow. Linear Electron Flow involves both photosystem 2 and photosystem 1.

54
Q

What does linear electron flow produce?

A

Linear electron flow produces ATP and NADPH using light energy.

55
Q

Which electron flow uses only photosystem 1?

A

Cyclic electron flow uses only photosystem 1.

56
Q

What does cyclic electron flow produce?

A

Cyclic Electron flow produce a TON of ATP but not NADPH.

57
Q

Which electron flow generate the most ATP?

A

Cyclic electron flow generates the most ATP.

58
Q

How many steps are in linear electron flow?

A

There are NINE steps in linear electron flow.

59
Q

Step 1 of linear electron flow?

A
60
Q

Step 2 of linear electron flow?

A
61
Q

Step 3 of linear electron flow?

A
62
Q

Step 4 of linear electron flow?

A
63
Q

Step 5 of linear electron flow?

A
64
Q

Step 6 of linear electron flow?

A
65
Q

Step 7 of linear electron flow?

A
66
Q

Step 8 of linear electron flow?

A
67
Q

Step 9 of linear electron flow?

A
68
Q

Is Calvin cycle anabolic?

A

Calvin cycle is anabolic because The process requires NADPH and ATP for it to occur.

69
Q

What does the Calvin cycle build and how?

A

The Calvin cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and NADPH.

70
Q

What is G3P?

A

G3P is Carbon that has entered the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar.

71
Q

How many phases does the Calvin cycle have?

A

The Calvin cycle has 3 phases.

72
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

The three phases of the Calvin cycle are:
- Carbon Fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
- Reduction
- Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

73
Q

Which pigments’ main job is to provide photo-protection?

A

Carotenoids main job is to provide photo-protection.

74
Q

Which molecule is an acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBP is an acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, it is the acceptor for Rubisco.

75
Q

Dehydration causes problems in the _____, which limits _____.

A

Dehydration causes problems in the STOMATA, which limits PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

76
Q

What happens to Stomata during dehydration?

A

During dehydration the Stomata closes up reducing access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up.

77
Q

What types of plants struggle with photorespiration?

A

C3 plants struggle with photorespiration

78
Q

What is C4 plants function?

A

C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds.

79
Q

What are two distinct types of cells in the leaves of C4 plants?

A

The two distinct types of cells in the leaves of C4 plants are:
- Bundle-Sheath Cells
- Mesophyll Cells

80
Q

What are Bundle-sheath cells?

A

Bundle-sheath cells are arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.

81
Q

What are Mesophyll cells?

A

Mesophyll cells are loosely packed between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

82
Q

_____ photosynthesis uses less water and resources than _____ photosynthesis.

A

C4 photosynthesis uses less water and resources than C3 photosynthesis.

83
Q

CAM plants open their _____ at night. This allows _____ to occur during night.

A

CAM plants open their STOMATA at night. This allows PHOTOSYNTHESIS to occur during night.

84
Q

Where would you find the chlorophyll a molecule called P680?

A

Photosystem 2

85
Q

Photosystem 2 uses _______________ to reset P680?

A

Photosystem 2 uses ELECTRONS FROM THE SPLITTING OF WATER to reset P680.

86
Q

What molecules are passed to the Calvin cycle from light reactions?

A

The molecules passed to the Calvin cycle from light reactions are:
- ATP
- NADPH

87
Q

What types of plants struggle with photorespiration?

A

C3 plants struggle with photorespiration.

88
Q

What is photo protection?

A

Photo-protection absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll or react with oxygen

Biology Test 2 (3 decks)

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