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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

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2
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, sustaining themselves.

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3
Q

What do Autotrophs produce?

A

Produces organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules.

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4
Q

What are the three types of Autotrophs?

A

The three types of autotrophs are: -photo autotrophs
-chemoautotrophs
-heterotrophs

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5
Q

What are Photoautothrophs?

A

Photoautotrophs use photosynthesis to produce the organic compounds.

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6
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs?

A

Chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain the energy to make organic molecules.

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7
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere obtain organic material from other organisms.

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8
Q

What is Photosynthesis Balance Equation?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

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10
Q

Leaves are the major location of ___?

A

Leaves are the major location of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

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11
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll.

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12
Q

Where are mesophyll found?

A

Mesophylls are the interior tissue of the leaf.

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13
Q

What is the process of Stomata?

A

The process of Stomata is when CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores.

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14
Q

What is the stroma?

A

CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores.

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15
Q

What are granas made of?

A

Granas are Thylakoids stacked in columns.

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16
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Thylakoids are connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system

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17
Q

Where are thylakoids located?

A

Thylakoids are located in chloroplasts.

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18
Q

What gives leaves their green color?

A

Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color.

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19
Q

Where is chlorophyll located?

A

Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes.

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20
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The two stages of photosynthesis are:
- Light reactions
- Calvin cycle

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21
Q

What is the photo part of photosynthesis called?

A

Light reactions

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22
Q

What is the synthesis part of photosynthesis called?

A

Calvin cycle

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23
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

Light reactions occur in the thylakoids.

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24
Q

What is the process of light reactions?

A

The process of light reactions is to:
1. Split H2O
2. Release O2
3. Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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25
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
The Calvin cycle occur in the stroma.
26
How does the Calvin cycle form sugar?
The Calvin cycle forms sugar from CO2, using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
27
Leaves are green, which means they don’t _____ green light?
Leaves are green, which means they don’t ABSORB green light.
28
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle in order
The three phases of the Calvin cycle are: - Carbon Fixation - Reduction - Regeneration
29
What is carbon fixation?
Carbon fixation is the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules.
30
In Photosynthesis, _____ is getting oxidized and _____ is getting reduced.
In photosynthesis, H2O is getting oxidized (loses H+) and CO2 is getting reduced (gains H+).
31
Is photosyntheses an endergonic or an exogenic process?
Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by light.
32
What is light?
Light is electromagnetic energy or radiation.
33
What is wavelength?
Wavelength is the distance between wave crests.
34
What are pigments?
Pigments are substances that absorb visible light. • Different pigments absorb different wavelengths. • Unabsorbed wavelengths are reflected or transmitted
35
What is an absorption spectrum?
An absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.
36
What is an action spectrum?
An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process, such as photosynthesis.
37
What are the three types of pigments in chloroplasts?
The three types of pigments in chloroplasts are: - Chlorophyll a - Chlorophyll b - Carotenoids
38
What is the function of chlorophyll a?
Chlorophyll a is the key light-capturing pigment
39
What is the function of chlorophyll b?
Chlorophyll b broadens the action spectrum.
40
What is the function of Carotenoids?
Carotenoids also broaden the spectrum, but can provide PHOTO-PROTECTION
41
What happens when a pigment absorbs light? Is it stable or unstable?
When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable.
42
What happens when excited electrons fall back to ground state?
When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, excess energy is released as heat.
43
What are photosystems?
Photosystems consist of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes.
44
What are light-harvesting complexes?
Light-harvesting complexes consist of pigment molecules bound to proteins & transfer the energy of photons to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center complex.
45
What is reaction-center complex?
The reaction-center complex is an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.
46
Which type of chlorophyll pigment can transfer excited electrons to a different molecule?
Chlorophyll a
47
What is a primary electron acceptor?
A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result.
48
What are the two types of photosystems in order?
The two types of photosystems are: 1. Photosystem 2 (PS II) 2. Photosystem 1 (PS I)
49
Where are photosystems located?
Photosystems are located in the thylakoids.
50
Which photosystem is represented as P680?
Photosystem 2 is represented as P680
51
Which photosystem is represented by P700?
Photosystem 1 is represented by P700.
52
What are the two possible routes in light reactions?
The two possible routes in light reactions are: - Cyclic electron flow - Linear electron flow
53
What is the primary path flow for light reactions? What is involved during this path flow?
The primary path flow for light reactions is Linear Electron Flow. Linear Electron Flow involves both photosystem 2 and photosystem 1.
54
What does linear electron flow produce?
Linear electron flow produces ATP and NADPH using light energy.
55
Which electron flow uses only photosystem 1?
Cyclic electron flow uses only photosystem 1.
56
What does cyclic electron flow produce?
Cyclic Electron flow produce a TON of ATP but not NADPH.
57
Which electron flow generate the most ATP?
Cyclic electron flow generates the most ATP.
58
How many steps are in linear electron flow?
There are NINE steps in linear electron flow.
59
Step 1 of linear electron flow?
60
Step 2 of linear electron flow?
61
Step 3 of linear electron flow?
62
Step 4 of linear electron flow?
63
Step 5 of linear electron flow?
64
Step 6 of linear electron flow?
65
Step 7 of linear electron flow?
66
Step 8 of linear electron flow?
67
Step 9 of linear electron flow?
68
Is Calvin cycle anabolic?
Calvin cycle is anabolic because The process requires NADPH and ATP for it to occur.
69
What does the Calvin cycle build and how?
The Calvin cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and NADPH.
70
What is G3P?
G3P is Carbon that has entered the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar.
71
How many phases does the Calvin cycle have?
The Calvin cycle has 3 phases.
72
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
The three phases of the Calvin cycle are: - Carbon Fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) - Reduction - Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
73
Which pigments’ main job is to provide photo-protection?
Carotenoids main job is to provide photo-protection.
74
Which molecule is an acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
RuBP is an acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, it is the acceptor for Rubisco.
75
Dehydration causes problems in the _____, which limits _____.
Dehydration causes problems in the STOMATA, which limits PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
76
What happens to Stomata during dehydration?
During dehydration the Stomata closes up reducing access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up.
77
What types of plants struggle with photorespiration?
C3 plants struggle with photorespiration
78
What is C4 plants function?
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds.
79
What are two distinct types of cells in the leaves of C4 plants?
The two distinct types of cells in the leaves of C4 plants are: - Bundle-Sheath Cells - Mesophyll Cells
80
What are Bundle-sheath cells?
Bundle-sheath cells are arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.
81
What are Mesophyll cells?
Mesophyll cells are loosely packed between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.
82
_____ photosynthesis uses less water and resources than _____ photosynthesis.
C4 photosynthesis uses less water and resources than C3 photosynthesis.
83
CAM plants open their _____ at night. This allows _____ to occur during night.
CAM plants open their STOMATA at night. This allows PHOTOSYNTHESIS to occur during night.
84
Where would you find the chlorophyll a molecule called P680?
Photosystem 2
85
Photosystem 2 uses _______________ to reset P680?
Photosystem 2 uses ELECTRONS FROM THE SPLITTING OF WATER to reset P680.
86
What molecules are passed to the Calvin cycle from light reactions?
The molecules passed to the Calvin cycle from light reactions are: - ATP - NADPH
87
What types of plants struggle with photorespiration?
C3 plants struggle with photorespiration.
88
What is photo protection?
Photo-protection absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll or react with oxygen

Biology Test 2 (3 decks)

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