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biology year 13 a-level rev rev revision > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do all the reactions in photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

What are the products of the light dependent reaction?

A

O2
ATP
NADPH

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3
Q

What are the products of the light independent reactions?

A

Glucose
ADP + Pi
NADP (oxidised)

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4
Q

What can glucose be used for?

A
  • respiratory substrate
  • stored as starch
  • converted (e.g. to beta glucose to form cellulose)
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5
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory of the chloroplast?

A
  • That the chloroplast used to be its own free-living bateria until being taken in by a cell and having its photosynthetic ability harnessed for the cells use.
  • evidence for this = double membrane, DNA, 70s ribosomes
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6
Q

What is the fluid within the chloroplast called?

A

stroma

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7
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

granum

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8
Q

What are the ‘branches’ between granum called?

A

intergranal lammelae

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9
Q

Where do the light dependent reactions take place?

A

thylakoids

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10
Q

Where do the light independent reactions take place?

A

stroma

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11
Q

What are some of the structural adaptations of the chloroplast?

A
  • high surface area of thylakoids + densely packed w/ photosystems
  • stroma surrounds thylakoids - short diffusion distance
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12
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

The protein within the membrane that carries out the absorption of light

  • has multiple different photosynthetic pigments
  • increases area over which photons can be harvested
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13
Q

What is the difference between the reaction centre pigment and the accessory pigments?

A

the reaction centre pigment is always chlorophyll A, accessory pigments may not be chlorA (e.g. ChlorB, xanthophyll, carotene, phaeophythn)

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14
Q

what is the purpose of accessory pigments?

A

to catch a greater range of wavelengths of light

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15
Q

What is the purpose of Thin Layer Chromatography? (TLC)

A

To measure the Rf values of different pigments

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Stationary Phase (silica gel) in TLC?

A

acts as a constraint on the components in the mixture to make them move slower than the mobile phase

17
Q

What is non-cyclic photophosphorylation (NCPP)

A

photophosphorylation that involves both photosystems 2 and 1, as well as 2 electron acceptors + 2 ETC’s

18
Q

What is the first step in NCPP?

A

light hits PSII and this causes excitement of 2 electrons, which get accepted by an electron carrier after leaving PSII

19
Q

What is the second step in NCPP?

A
  • electrons are passed down an ETC from the electron carrier, which releases energy to allow ADP + Pi to form ATP
  • light also hits PSI, which causes 2 electrons to leave it to be accepted by an electron carrier. However, they are soon replaced by the 2 electrons which originally left PSII
20
Q

What is the third step in NCPP?

A

like step 1, electrons are passed down another electron transport chain, except this time they are receieved by NADP, the final electron acceptor, which is reduced to form NADPH.

21
Q

What is Cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

photophosphorylation that only involves PSI, as well as only 1 ETC and 1 electron acceptor.

22
Q

What are the steps of CPP?

A
  • Electrons from PSI passed to electron acceptor
  • Electrons go down ETC, photophosphorylating ADP to form ATP
  • Electrons passed back to electron deficient PSI
  • cycle continues as long as light is present
23
Q

What is photolysis?

A

the splitting of water molecules via light energy

- occurs in thylakoid lumen

24
Q

What is H2O split into?

A

2H+
2e-
1/2 O2

25
Q

compare cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

NCPP - uses PSII and PSI, has ATP and NADPH as products

  • involves photolysis
  • fate of electrons is to go into NADP reductase to form NADPH

CPP - uses PSI, has ATP as product

  • doesn’t involve photolysis
  • fate of electrons is to continue in cycle going from PSI, electron acceptor, to ETC, back to PSI
26
Q

What are the steps of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. 6CO2 + 6RuBP -> 6C intermediate (catalysed by RuBisCO)
  2. 6C molecule breaks down into 12 G3P molecules (3C)
  3. 12 G3P -> 12 TP
    - turns 12 ATP -> 12 ADP
    - turns 12 NADPH -> 12 NADP
  4. 2 TP (out of 12) moves from Calvin cycle to form glucose etc. the rest stays within the cycle
  5. 10 TP converted to 6 RuBP
    - 6ATP -> 6ADP
27
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

When RuBisCO adds O2 into the calvin cycle instead of CO2

- BAD for the plant

28
Q

What happens to Calvin Cycle in low CO2 environment?

A

Calvin Cycle stops - RuBP builds up, GP + TP levels decrease massively

29
Q

What happens to Calvin cycle in no light environment?

A

Calvin Cycle stops - GP levels build up, RuBP + TP levels decrease massively
(no light = no NADPH input, therefore cycle stops as GP is made)

30
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Any factor that can slow the rate of reaction when in inadequate supply

31
Q

What are the limting factors for photosynthesis?

A
  • CO2
  • light
  • temperature
  • NOT water - lack of water would kill plant before having an effect on the rate of photosynthesis
32
Q

How do you measure rate of photosynthesis?

A

using photosynthetometer, measure the length that the bubble has travelled and then the width of the capillary tube
using V=πr2h
Volume = amount of oxygen evolved
use timer - e.g. amount of oxygen evolved in 1 min etc

33
Q

what is the rate of respiration in plants?

A

constant = PLANTS ALWAYS RESPIRING

34
Q

What is the light compensation point?

A

When rate of photosynthesis and rate of oxygen production are equal (no net carbohydrate production)

biology year 13 a-level rev rev revision (13 decks)

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