Photos For Midterm

Question 1

What is the definition of Ischemia?

Answer 1

It is the loss of blood to an organ or muscle

Question 2

What is the definition of Hypoxia

Answer 2

It is the loss of Oxygen in the blood, can be caused by anaemia or pneumonia.

Question 3

What is a Thrombosis?

Answer 3

A blood clot in a blood vessel

Question 4

What is the definition of Atheosclerosis?

Answer 4

It is a blockage partially or fully constricting the diameter of a blood vessel. Caused by plaques?

Question 5

What is the definition of atrophy?

Answer 5

The diminishing size of an organ or muscle wastage. Can be caused by a lack of blood supply or loss of nervous input

Question 6

What is the definition of hyper trophy?

Answer 6

Increasing of muscle size. Not necessarily gaining more cells just enlarging of cells

Question 7

What is the definition of Hyperplasia?

Answer 7

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells localised to an area.
E.g. goitre or alcohol abuse leading to man boobs

Question 8

What is metaplasia?

Answer 8

F

Question 9

Apoptosis is…?

Answer 9

Programmed cell death. (Cell suicide) a death signal is received, where the cells contents remains in membranes to prevent damage to the host. Cleaned up by a macrophage

Question 10

Necrosis is…?

Answer 10

Cell mass murder. Where a large number of cells are obliterated (by some type of injury) the cells contents is spilled into the surrounding area causing further problems such as lysosomes. This is cleaned up by the acute inflammatory response

Question 11

Pyknosis is…?

Answer 11

The defining point of cell death, the nucleus becomes darkened. The cell is then unable to recover from this

Question 12

Karyohexis is what?

Answer 12

Is when the nucleus ruptures and the cell begins to degrade

Question 13

Karyolysis is what?

Answer 13

The complete decimation of the nucleus due to enzymatic degerdation. (Endonuclease)

Question 14

What are the 4 types of necrosis?

Answer 14

Coagulative, Liquifactive, Caseous and gangrenous

Question 15

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 15

The basic structural outline for the cells remain but not much else, much of the muscle cross linking is lost, connective material remains.
Often pale at a gross level, labile cells remaining e.g. liver,kidneys or lung means that once the necrotic material has been phagocytosed then it may regenerate

Question 16

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 16

Ischaemic coagulative necrosis. When cells die and become infected, because of body temperature, bacteria thrive. This is considered gangrene

Question 17

What is liquifactive necrosis?

Answer 17

The transformation of necrotic tissue into a liquid viscous mass. E.g. puss. If triggered by infection, will contain large numbers of dead inflammatory cells (neutrophils). Eventually will be phagocytozed. In the CNS no scaring occurs, just leaves a cavity

Question 18

What is Caseous Necrosis?

Answer 18

Necrosis associated with chronic inflammation - not acute
“Caseous - Cheesy”
Observed in TB
Gross structure is pale and cheesy looking
Microscopic structure is structure less, granular debris and “eosiniphilic”