Photographic identification Flashcards
who was Gordon Childe?
one of the first archaeologists to synthesize data across time and space in the Near East and try to explain culture change
Influenced by Marxist theory; saw development of civilisation through lens of revolutionary technological, economic and social revolutions (Man Makes Himself 1936; Town Planning Review 1950)
“Neolithic Revolution” followed by “Urban Revolution”
cities
monumental architecture
agricultural surplus
differentiation of urban populations (specialisations)
ruling classes
state organisation
Who was Belzoni?
1778 - famous archaeologist who simply looted the near east - colonial image of him in an orientalist stance
Processual archaeology
use of formal scientific method based on philosophy that there is a real world composed of observable phenomena that behave in an orderly manner.
Through application of scientific method (observation—hypothesis—testing) we can explain how the world works;
Archaeology definition
the study of past human societies using material remains to reconstruct human behaviour.
Artifact definition
a portable object whose characteristics result in wholly, or in part, from human activity; e.g. ceramics, lithics, metals, etc.
Ecofact
nonartifactual evidence from the past that has cultural relevance; e.g. seeds, pollen, animal bones, coprolites, etc
Where is Catalhoyuk?
Neolithic Turkey
When was Gobekli tepe excavated? and By who
1996
Klaus Schmitts - german archaeologist
Whats a feature?
a non-portable artifact (usually cannot be removed from the ground without destroying its integrity); e.g. hearth, burial pit, garbage pit,
post mould, etc.
Whats a site?
a place where traces of human activity are found, comprising artifacts, ecofacts and/or features in any combination; e.g., everything from a massive multi-period site like Ur (Iraq) to a small cave in Cyprus
Reigion?
an area in which sites are located, defined by geographical, ecological, or socio-cultural factors.
Babylon is located lower down on which river?
The Euphrates
which river is higher and which is lower?
Tigris higher euphrates lower
Neolithic revolution in the Levant dates?
9700-5800 BCE
Gobekli tepe dates?
9600-6000 BCE
What is the neolithic revolution?
supposedly the beggining of farming
The Natufian Culture dates?
12,500-9500 BCE
What does the Chalcolithic era represent?
the begining of domestication and farming
What are the three main eras
Natufian: Beginning to manage animals, natural herds, and seeds/grains etc.
Neolithic: Active domestication
Chalcolithic: Agriculture
The neolithic period was a _____ economy?
Subsistence (grains and the beginning of farming)
Why is jericho famous?
evidence of burials after decapitation- heads were sealed and plastered, and painted then re buried
Where are the plaster statues from? and what are they used for?
PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal- suggested to be used for ritual purpose - illustrations of men and women
Why is Gobekli Tepe significant?
- Pushes back the dates of monumental architecture
- suggests that hunter gatherers and foragers could still maintain a advanced civilisation and complex society pre agriculture and farming - re-writes the human history
- was it a ritual site?
- alcohol production?
Karahan Tepe Dates? and significance?
11,000-9,000 BCE- 60 km from gobekli tepe and it has very similar features
What was Nevali Cori?
house settlements
Catalhoyuk Dates
7400-6000 BCE
Who did excavations of Catalhoyuk
Ian Hodder 1996
what is reflexive archaeology
interpretation on the spot, digging and interpreting with expertise speaking to you and providing as much on ground explanation as possible
