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bio chem lab 3 > PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS AND FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS > Flashcards

PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS AND FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Flashcards

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1
Q

occur in all biological membranes

A

Phospholipids

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2
Q

They are amphipathic substances

A

Phospholipids

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3
Q

Each phospholipid molecule contains a

A

polar head and a non-polar tail

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4
Q

The molecular skeleton is made up of the residue

A

of glycerol or a more complex alcohol - sphingosine.

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5
Q

A recurring structural element of all phospholipids containing glycerol - called
glycerophospholipids - is

A

phosphatidic acid

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6
Q

One of the glycerophospholipids is ____, whose molecule, beside
glycerol, contains two chains of fatty acids, phosphate and choline.

A

phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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7
Q

___ is the most abundant phospholipid in eukaryotic cells, it is also found in egg yolk

A

Lecithin

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8
Q

It is easy to extract with a mixture of chloroform with methanol in a proportion of

A

2:1.

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9
Q

Lecithin is difficult to dissolve in

A

anhydrous acetone

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10
Q

Lecithin is not soluble in water, but thanks to the presence of the ____, it creates a persistent cloudy suspension in water

A

hydrophilic phosphocholine

group

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11
Q

It is readily soluble in chloroform

A

lecithin

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12
Q

During heating of lecithin, the ____ takes place.

A

dehydration of the glycerol molecule

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13
Q

Unsaturated aldehyde forms - ____ - a substance with an unpleasant, pungent odour

A

acrolein

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14
Q

It can be shown with one of the reducing tests, for example with chromate (VI). Acrolein reduces

A

potassium chromate (VI) (orange colour) to potassium chromate (IV) (green colour).

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15
Q

In a highly alkaline reaction, the ____ takes place between choline and the phosphate residue of lecithin

A

hydrolysis of the ester bond

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16
Q

The released choline decomposes to ____, which has a characteristic odour.

A

ethylene glycol and trimethylamine

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17
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis releases fatty acids in the form of ___, which reduce the surface tension of water.

A

potassium salts (soaps)

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18
Q

is released during alkaline hydrolysis

A

Phosphate contained in lecithin

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19
Q

In reaction with ammonium molybdate (VI), it creates ammonium phosphomolybdate, which colours the solution

A

yellow

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20
Q

Steroids are derivatives of

A

cyclopentaneperhydrophenanthrene

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21
Q

The most common representatives of steroids are alcohols known as sterols, which have a hydroxyl group next to the C-3 carbon, among which __ is dominant.

A

cholesterol

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22
Q

is a representative of animal sterols.

A

Cholesterol

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23
Q

Due to the presence of a double bond, cholesterol creates ___ in the presence of
strong acids.

A

colourful products

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24
Q

Under the influence of concentrated H2SO4 (Salkowski’s reaction), the ____
molecules takes place.

A

dissociation of water

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25
Q

The most abundantly occurring bile acids are ____, in smaller quantities - lithocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids

A

cholic and deoxycholoic acids

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26
Q

Bile acids are of an

A

amphipathic character

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27
Q

The surface tension lowered by the bile acids present in the aqueous solution can be determined by the

A

settling at the bottom of the test tube of colloidal sulphur (sulphur flower) and the formation of a permanent suspension (emulsion) of oil in water.

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28
Q

The main forms of vitamin D

A

ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).

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29
Q

The A vitamins have an __. They are found exclusively in animal tissues in two
forms: ____. Both are 20-carbon alcohols containing a six-member ring of beta-ionone with three methyl groups and a side chain containing two
isoprene units.

A

isoprene structure

retinol 1 (vitamin A1) and 
retinol 2 (vitamin A2)
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30
Q

lecithin solubility positive result

A

lecithin precipitate forms.

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31
Q

Detection Of Glycerol - Acrolein Test

A

(+) Production of pungent smell

(-) Absence of pungent smell

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32
Q

Detection Of Fatty Acids – Saponification Reaction

A

(+) Production of foam

(-) Absence of foam

33
Q

Detection Of Choline

A

observe the characteristic odour of the reaction product.

34
Q

Detection Of Phosphorus

A

(+) Production of yellow precipitate

(-) Absence of yellow precipitate

35
Q

Salkowski’s Reaction

A

chloroform-containing layer
becomes red

sulphuric acid layer fluoresces green.

36
Q

The Lieberman-Burchard’s Reaction

A

The liquid turns red, and then changes colour to blue and

finally green

37
Q

Detection of bile acids

A

Observe the formation of a red ring

on the border of the layers

38
Q

Lowering the surface tension by bile acids

A

Compare the sedimentation rate of sulphur.

39
Q

Detection of fat-soluble vitamins

A

After mixing, a blue colour starts to form
proving the presence of vitamin A, which rapidly changes into purplish-red associated with the
presence of vitamin D3

40
Q

are among the best-known components of living organisms. They are derived from
organic acids, in which a hydrogen atom most often located near the α-carbon is substituted by
the amino group. Some amino acids have two amino groups located at different carbon atoms, a
few contain two or even three carboxyl groups. Two amino acids, proline and its hydroxylated
derivative - hydroxyproline, have no amino group but an imino group, which is why they are
called imino acids

A

Amino acids

41
Q

All amino acids, containing a free α-amino group, in a reaction with ninhydrine form products of a___ colour, while proline and hydroxyproline, containing the amino group, create ____-coloured products.

A

violet-blue

yellow

42
Q

The aromatic rings of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan under the effect of nitric acid form ___-coloured nitro derivatives. This process is called the

A

yellow

xanthoproteic reaction.

43
Q

Sulphur-containing amino acids:

A

cysteine and methionine

44
Q

Sulphur-containing amino acids:

A

cysteine and methionine

45
Q

Sulphur-containing amino acids:

A

cysteine and methionine

46
Q

The tryptophan indole ring reacts with glyoxylic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid (VI) to form a product of a

A

red-violet colour

47
Q

Proteins are constructed out of L-α-amino acids fixed with .

A

peptide bonds

48
Q

___ contain all the protein-building amino acids, others such as ___ (denatured collagen) do not contain cysteine and tryptophan, or contain only very smallundetectable in our conditions amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine

A

albumin, egg protein

gelatin

49
Q

The ___ has the characteristics of a double bond of the trans configuration

A

peptide bond

50
Q

The structure of peptide bonds resembles the binding occurring in a simple compound called a

A

biuret

51
Q

The structure of peptide bonds resembles the binding occurring in a simple compound called a

A

biuret

52
Q

The structure of peptide bonds resembles the binding occurring in a simple compound called a

A

biuret

53
Q

biuret reaction, characteristic for both:

A

peptides and proteins.

54
Q

is a commonly used colour reaction, used for the detection and
quantification of peptides and proteins. It is characteristic of structures that have at least two
peptide bonds

A

biuret reaction

55
Q

involves the destruction of its spatial structures while retaining the primary structure.

A

denaturation of protein

56
Q

Ninhydrin reaction - common to all amino acids

A

(+) Production of purple solution

(-) Absence of purple solution

57
Q

The Detection Of Aromatic Amino Acids - The Xanthoprotein Test

A

(+) Production of orange solution

(-) Absence of orange solution

58
Q

The Detection Of Sulphuric Amino Acids - The Cysteine Test

A

(+) Production of red-purple solution

(-) Absence of red-purple solution

59
Q

The Detection Of Tryptophan

A

Only in the test tube containing albumin, a reddish-purple ring will appear at the
connection line of the layers, which indicates the presence of tryptophan

60
Q

Detection of the peptide bond - the biuret test

A

The fluid changes colour from blue to purple.

61
Q

Thermal denaturation of proteins

A

At first, precipitate forms, which then dissolves in excess of acetic acid.

62
Q

The action of concentrated nitric acid on protein

A

On the border of the

two liquids, a white-yellow layer of denaturised protein forms.

63
Q

The solubility of proteins is

A

highly variable

64
Q

Protein solutions are generally ___ with a monomolecular degree of dispersion

A

real solutions

65
Q

The protein solution then takes on the characteristics of the

A

colloidal solution

66
Q

Proteins exhibit

A

amphoteric properties.

67
Q

This characteristic of amino acids, peptides and proteins has been important in maintaining the ___ of tissues and body fluids

A

acid-alkaline balance

68
Q

an environment with a pH above the isoelectric point, proteins show a __ and can form compounds with cations of heavy metals

A

negative net charge

69
Q

In an environment with a pH lower than the isoelectric point, the resultant protein charge becomes ___.

A

positive

70
Q

Proteins can be separated from the low-molecule compounds in a process called

A

dialysis

71
Q

At sufficiently high concentrations of salt, protein can be completely precipitated from the solution. This phenomenon is called

A

salting out

72
Q

Test With Fe3+ Ion

A

(+) Production of yellow precipitate

(-) Absence of yellow precipitate

74
Q

Test With Pb 2+ Ion

A

(+) Production of white precipitate

(-) Absence of white precipitate

75
Q

Test With Hexacyanoferrate

A

A white precipitate forms.

75
Q

ESSBACH’S TEST

A

A yellow precipitate forms

76
Q

Test With Sulphosalicylic Acid

A

A white precipitate forms

77
Q

Test For The Presence Of Chloride

A

(+) Production of white precipitate

(-) Absence of white precipitate

78
Q

Test For The Presence Of Glucose

A

orange precipitate of copper oxide (Cu2O)

79
Q

Test For The Presence Of Protein - Biuret Test

A

(+) Production of deep purple solution

(-) Absence of deep purple solution

bio chem lab 3 (3 decks)

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