Phonotactics Flashcards
What happens at the end of a syllable for obstruents? What about the proceeding vowel?
Voiceless obstruents are longer than their corresponding voiced obstruents on the other hand the preceding vowel is shorter before a voiceless obstruent
Where does this happen?
What happens to [nd] and [nt] in some dialects?
It is also flapped and d same symbol is used for the nasal tap
Can a nasal be tapped?
Yes, n behaves as t and is tapped between two vowels but it retains its nasal quality (shown through the diacritic of nasalization over the tap)
When do /t/ and /d/ become a (voiced) tap?
Between two vowels
what happened to t and d in this environment
When are stops unreleased and what symbols marks this?
At the end of an utterance or before another stop or nasal. This is shown though the rig upper right half square following the letter
What does this happen to?
When are the voiceless stops /t, p, k/ un- aspirated?
After
What is velarization?
A secondary articulation in which the back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palette. The symbol for this is s squiggle line through the middle of the symbol
What sounds are the approximates?
/w, r, j, l/ the first three are central and the last is lateral
How does (ng) differ from othe nasals?
It cannot start a word
It can only be preceded by / The special vowels that need IPA/
It cannot be syllabic
What are syllabic therefore needing no mark ?
Vowels are what? Therefore needing not mark
What diacritic indicates that a consonant is syllabic and what consonants can be syllabic and where?
A vertical line under the symbol
Nasals along with r and l
At the end of words
What are the affricates in English that can occur at the beginning of a word?
(j) and (ch) - not in IPA
What does it mean for a consonant to be syllabic?
That the consonant can for a syllable by itself
What natural class do stops and fricative belong to?
Obstruents (include what)
In fricative which are longer: voiced or voiceless?
Voiceless fricatives are longer
When are vowels short and long in regards to voicing?
Long - before all voiced consonants
Short -before all voiceless consonants
What is empethesis?
The apparent insertion of a segment into a word such that the appearance of a voiceless stop in the pronunciation appears
Such as something - somepthing
When are r and l syllabic?
When the occur between a consonant and the end of a word
When is t changed into a voiced sounds?
After a stressed vowel and before an unstressed syllable other than syllabic n
What must happen for a nasal plosion to occur within a word?
There must be a stop followed by a homorganic nasal ( a nasal made in the same place as the stop)
When does a nasal not occur?
If there is a glottal stop or if the glottal stop is released aft the alveolar closure has been made and before the velum is lowered
Does the difference in word pairs such as cat and cad come from the voice of the last consonant or the vowel length?
The vowel length, the voicing is almost non distinguishable
Are vowels shorter or longer before a voiceless consonant?
Shorter
When are vowels shorter? In Terms of voicing
What is the unique symbol for the tap and when does t occur?
A regular r - is a allophone of t and d and occurs in words such as “letter” and “butter”
Compare board transcription vs. narrow transcription and what symbols are used for them?
Board - used to transcribe the simplest forms, used splashy brackets
narrow - shows more phonetic detail, with by more specific symbols or by representing some allophonic differences - use square brackets
What are allophones and how are they determined?
Allophone are variants of a phoneme that occurs in narrow transcription. They are a result of applying a phonological rule to a phoneme and do not distinguish meaning. They only occur in specific environments therefore they are in complimentary distribution.
What does a small symbol underneath a symbol show?
Represents a voiceless sound
What are diatricts?
Small marks that can be added to a symbol to modify its value
What is a diphthong?
Movements from one vow to another within a single syllable
What is a sibilant?
Higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss such as the s in sigh and shy
What is a affricate?
The combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative
What is a lateral?
Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the cents of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides if the tongue is on the rough of the mouth
What is an approximate?
A gesture in which one articulate Is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrow to such an extent that turbulent airstream is produced
What is a fricative?
Close approximation of two articulates so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced
What are the two types of stops?
Oral stop - in addition to the mouth being closed, nasal passage is also closed so there is no airstream at all
Nasal stop - the mouth is closed but the soft palette is down so the air can escape from the nose.
What is a stop?
Complete closure of the articulator involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth
What are the dorsal articulations made with?
The back of the tongue
What are the coronal gestures made with?
The tip or blade of the tongue
Name the places of articulatory gestures
Bilabial both lips
Labiodental lips and upper front teeth
Dental tongue tip/blade and the front teeth
Alveolar tongue tip/blade and the AR
retroflex tongue tip and back of AR
Palato alveolar tongue blade and the back of the AR
Palatial front of tongue on the hard palate
Velar back of tongue and soft palate
What is involved with the oral nasal process?
The possibility of air either going out of the mouth or out of the nasal passage determined by the raising and lowering of the velum
What is the articulatory process
The movement of the tongue and lips
What is the phonotation process?
The action of the vocal folds
What does the airstream process include?
All the ways of pushing air out that provides power for speech, the lungs pushing air out are the prime movers of this process
When are vowels nasalized?
In syllables that are closed by a nasal consonant
