Phonotactics

Question 1

What happens at the end of a syllable for obstruents? What about the proceeding vowel?

Answer 1

Voiceless obstruents are longer than their corresponding voiced obstruents on the other hand the preceding vowel is shorter before a voiceless obstruent

Where does this happen?

Question 2

What happens to [nd] and [nt] in some dialects?

Answer 2

It is also flapped and d same symbol is used for the nasal tap

Question 3

Can a nasal be tapped?

Answer 3

Yes, n behaves as t and is tapped between two vowels but it retains its nasal quality (shown through the diacritic of nasalization over the tap)

Question 4

When do /t/ and /d/ become a (voiced) tap?

Answer 4

Between two vowels

what happened to t and d in this environment

Question 5

When are stops unreleased and what symbols marks this?

Answer 5

At the end of an utterance or before another stop or nasal. This is shown though the rig upper right half square following the letter

What does this happen to?

Question 6

When are the voiceless stops /t, p, k/ un- aspirated?

Answer 6

After

Question 7

What is velarization?

Answer 7

A secondary articulation in which the back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palette. The symbol for this is s squiggle line through the middle of the symbol

Question 8

What sounds are the approximates?

Answer 8

/w, r, j, l/ the first three are central and the last is lateral

Question 9

How does (ng) differ from othe nasals?

Answer 9

It cannot start a word
It can only be preceded by / The special vowels that need IPA/
It cannot be syllabic

Question 10

What are syllabic therefore needing no mark ?

Answer 10

Vowels are what? Therefore needing not mark

Question 11

What diacritic indicates that a consonant is syllabic and what consonants can be syllabic and where?

Answer 11

A vertical line under the symbol
Nasals along with r and l
At the end of words

Question 12

What are the affricates in English that can occur at the beginning of a word?

Answer 12

(j) and (ch) - not in IPA

Question 13

What does it mean for a consonant to be syllabic?

Answer 13

That the consonant can for a syllable by itself

Question 14

What natural class do stops and fricative belong to?

Answer 14

Obstruents (include what)

Question 15

In fricative which are longer: voiced or voiceless?

Answer 15

Voiceless fricatives are longer

Question 16

When are vowels short and long in regards to voicing?

Answer 16

Long - before all voiced consonants

Short -before all voiceless consonants

Question 17

What is empethesis?

Answer 17

The apparent insertion of a segment into a word such that the appearance of a voiceless stop in the pronunciation appears

Such as something - somepthing

Question 18

When are r and l syllabic?

Answer 18

When the occur between a consonant and the end of a word

Question 19

When is t changed into a voiced sounds?

Answer 19

After a stressed vowel and before an unstressed syllable other than syllabic n

Question 20

What must happen for a nasal plosion to occur within a word?

Answer 20

There must be a stop followed by a homorganic nasal ( a nasal made in the same place as the stop)

Question 21

When does a nasal not occur?

Answer 21

If there is a glottal stop or if the glottal stop is released aft the alveolar closure has been made and before the velum is lowered

Question 22

Does the difference in word pairs such as cat and cad come from the voice of the last consonant or the vowel length?

Answer 22

The vowel length, the voicing is almost non distinguishable

Question 23

Are vowels shorter or longer before a voiceless consonant?

Answer 23

Shorter

When are vowels shorter? In Terms of voicing

Question 24

What is the unique symbol for the tap and when does t occur?

Answer 24

A regular r - is a allophone of t and d and occurs in words such as “letter” and “butter”

Question 25

Compare board transcription vs. narrow transcription and what symbols are used for them?

Answer 25

Board - used to transcribe the simplest forms, used splashy brackets narrow - shows more phonetic detail, with by more specific symbols or by representing some allophonic differences - use square brackets

Question 26

What are allophones and how are they determined?

Answer 26

Allophone are variants of a phoneme that occurs in narrow transcription. They are a result of applying a phonological rule to a phoneme and do not distinguish meaning. They only occur in specific environments therefore they are in complimentary distribution.

Question 27

What does a small symbol underneath a symbol show?

Answer 27

Represents a voiceless sound

Question 28

What are diatricts?

Answer 28

Small marks that can be added to a symbol to modify its value

Question 29

What is a diphthong?

Answer 29

Movements from one vow to another within a single syllable

Question 30

What is a sibilant?

Answer 30

Higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss such as the s in sigh and shy

Question 31

What is a affricate?

Answer 31

The combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative

Question 32

What is a lateral?

Answer 32

Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the cents of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides if the tongue is on the rough of the mouth

Question 33

What is an approximate?

Answer 33

A gesture in which one articulate Is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrow to such an extent that turbulent airstream is produced

Question 34

What is a fricative?

Answer 34

Close approximation of two articulates so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced

Question 35

What are the two types of stops?

Answer 35

Oral stop - in addition to the mouth being closed, nasal passage is also closed so there is no airstream at all Nasal stop - the mouth is closed but the soft palette is down so the air can escape from the nose.

Question 36

What is a stop?

Answer 36

Complete closure of the articulator involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth

Question 37

What are the dorsal articulations made with?

Answer 37

The back of the tongue

Question 38

What are the coronal gestures made with?

Answer 38

The tip or blade of the tongue

Question 39

Name the places of articulatory gestures

Answer 39

Bilabial both lips Labiodental lips and upper front teeth Dental tongue tip/blade and the front teeth Alveolar tongue tip/blade and the AR retroflex tongue tip and back of AR Palato alveolar tongue blade and the back of the AR Palatial front of tongue on the hard palate Velar back of tongue and soft palate

Question 40

What is involved with the oral nasal process?

Answer 40

The possibility of air either going out of the mouth or out of the nasal passage determined by the raising and lowering of the velum

Question 41

What is the articulatory process

Answer 41

The movement of the tongue and lips

Question 42

What is the phonotation process?

Answer 42

The action of the vocal folds

Question 43

What does the airstream process include?

Answer 43

All the ways of pushing air out that provides power for speech, the lungs pushing air out are the prime movers of this process

Question 44

When are vowels nasalized?

Answer 44

In syllables that are closed by a nasal consonant