Phonology

Question 1

What does VPM stand for?

Answer 1

Voice- is it voiced or voiceless
Place- velar? alveolar?
Manner- how the vocalisation is modified within the larynx

Question 2

Semantics definition?

Answer 2

A branch of linguistics studying the meaning of words

Question 3

Syntax definition?

Answer 3

rules for combining words to form sentences

Question 4

what is the definition of lexicon?

Answer 4

The vocabulary of a person, language or branch of knowledge.

Question 5

Morphology definition?

Answer 5

Is the study of word structure, the way words are formed and the way their form interacts with other aspects of grammar such as phonology and syntax

Question 6

Pragmatics definition?

Answer 6

Is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the context.

Question 7

What is a morpheme?

Answer 7

it’s the smallest meaningful unit in the vocabulary of a language e.g. ology

Question 8

Place of articulation does what?

Answer 8

Describes where the airstream is stopped in the mouth.

Question 9

What are Bilabials?

Bilabial plosives examples?

Bilabial nasal example?

Bilabial approximant example?

Answer 9

Sounds formed using BOTH lips.

Bilabial plosives»> /p/ and /b/

Bilabial nasal&raquo_space;» /m/

Bilabial approximant»> /w/

Question 10

give me examples of dental fricatives? (sounds formed by using the tip of your tongue behind or between your teeth)

Answer 10

TH sound both soft (egg shaped) & hard (bomb shaped)

Question 11

Labiodental fricatives explanation & examples?

Answer 11

sounds that are formed by using the lower lip and upper teeth.

/f/ voiceless

/v/ voiced

Question 12

Explain what fricatives (M in VPM) constitutes as?

Answer 12

Fricatives are sounds produced by a partial BLOCKAGE of the airstream resulting in friction as the air is forced through the small gap.

Question 13

Explain what Affricates are?

Manner of articulation in VPM

Answer 13

sounds produced by combining a brief blockage of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction.

examples ch and jade

Question 14

How are Alveolar sounds produced? Give examples.

Answer 14

Alveolars are sounds performed by placing the tip of the tongue (apex) on the alveolar ridge just behind the upper teeth.

/t/ /d/ ➡️➡️ plosive

/n/ ➡️➡️ nasal

/s/ /z/ ➡️➡️ fricative

/r/ ➡️➡️ approximant

/l/ ➡️➡️ lateral approximant

Question 15

How are Approximants made? Give examples.

Answer 15

they are made with only a small amount of modification of the airstream. 
Examples are: 
Bilabial- /w/ 
Alveolar- /r/ 
Palatal - /j/

lateral approximate- air escapes from only the sides of the tongue.
Glides- /w,j/ + Liquids /r,l/

Question 16

Difference between Monophongs and Dipthongs?

Answer 16

Diphthongs are vowels that have 2 parts to them.

Monophongs are vowels that have one part like /e/

Question 17

What are the features of the voiced palatal approximant?

Answer 17

/j/
It’s manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

It’s place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back of the tongue raised to the hard palate.

It’s VOICED which means that VOCAL CHORDS VIBRATE during articulation.

Airstream mechanism is pulmonic = air is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs & diaphragm. 
Central consonant ( airstream is directed along the centre of the tongue)

Question 18

Difference between approximant and lateral approximant?

Answer 18

Lateral approximant sounds are made by releasing air past the sides of the tongue whilst making a block in the middle.
/l/

Approximants are a consonant sound made by slightly narrowing the vocal tract, while still allowing a smooth flow of air.
Bilabial approximant- /w/
Alveolar approximant- /r/
Palatal approximant- /j/

Question 19

How are Velar sounds formed?

Answer 19

They are articulated by the back part of the tongue against/at the soft palate (velum).

Velar plosives- /k/ /g/
Voiced velar nasal- ‘ng’ in ‘sing’
Velar Fricative- /x/ as in Loch Ness

Question 20

Is this the Voiced Velar Fricative?

/ɣ/

VPM reasons for this sound.

Answer 20

Manner is Fricative which means that air is restricted through a narrow channel at the place of articulation. Partial blockage of airflow.

Place is velar meaning that the back of the tongue is against the soft plate.

Voiced which means vocal chords vibrate.

Question 21

Glotal sounds?

Answer 21

The glottal stop is a consonant sound produced by the closing of the glottis which is then immediately released. It is voiceless. The glottis is not a speech organ but the space between the vocal chords. 
/?/ without the dot. 
(coughing is a glottal stop)  
Uh oh 
Is a glottal stop. 

Glotal Fricative is /h/

Question 22

How is speech made?

Answer 22

Speech is made on expired breath by modifying the airstream in the vocal tract.

Question 23

What does PLACE of articulation refer to?

Answer 23

it’s WHERE the airstream is modified within the vocal tract

Question 24

What does MANNER of articulation refer to?

Answer 24

HOW the airstream is modified within the vocal tract

Question 25

What are the 5 velar phonemes?

Answer 25

K
g
-ng 
x
voiced velar fricative

Question 26

Voiced palatel approximant?

Answer 26

/j/

Question 27

Voiced post alveolar affricate?

Answer 27

/d͡ʒ/

Question 28

Voiced velar plosive?

Answer 28

/g/

Question 29

Voiceless labiodental fricative?

Answer 29

/f/

Question 30

Voiced alveolar lateral approximant?

Answer 30

/l/