Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

Phonology

A

the study of the abstract categories

that organize the sound system of a language

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2
Q

spectrogram

A

a graphic representation of the frequency distribution of the of sound waves

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3
Q

phoneme

A

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

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4
Q

phone

A

a speech sound; the smallest discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech

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5
Q

allophones

A

any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k

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6
Q

narrow transcription

A

encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in an utterance

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7
Q

orthography

A

the study of spelling and how letters combine to represent sounds and form words

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8
Q

distribution

A

the different positions in which a speech sound can occur or cannot occur in the words of a language

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9
Q

complementary distribution

A

the occurrence of speech sounds in mutually exclusive contexts

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10
Q

minimal pairs

A

a pair of words which

differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning

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11
Q

extralinguistic

A

influences on how a word is spoken depending on for example prestige and social status

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12
Q

velarise

A

pronounce (a speech sound) with the back of the tongue near the soft palate

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13
Q

aspiration

A

the process of aspirating stops

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14
Q

voiced stops

A

is a consonant in which the …. Voiced stops are pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords

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15
Q

trill

A

the pronunciation of a consonant, especially r, with rapid vibration of the tongue against the hard or soft palate or the uvula

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16
Q

flap(ping)

A

is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another

17
Q

Phonological rule predicting allophonic realizations of /p/ in RP /p/ is realized:

A

– as [ph] in word-initial position before vowels,
– as [p] between [s] and a vowel and between two vowels, and
– as [ph] or [p] or [p˺] in word-final position.

18
Q

rhotic

A

relating to or denoting a dialect or variety of English (e.g. in most of the US and southwestern England) in which r is pronounced before a consonant (as in hard ) and at the ends of words (as in far ).

19
Q

syllable

A

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word

20
Q

Monosyllabic

A

consisting of one syllable

21
Q

syllabic consonants.

A

consonants which occupy the central part of the syllable

22
Q

vowel epenthesis

A

insertion of vowels into syllables

23
Q

cognates

A

words that have a common etymological origin

24
Q

syllabification

A

the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing

25
Q

Maximal Onset

Principle.

A

principle determining underlying syllable division. It states that intervocalic consonants are maximally assigned to the onsets of syllables in conformity with universal and language-specific conditions

26
Q

sonority

A

the relative loudness of a speech sound.