Phonology

Question 1

What are the 4 stages of pre-verbal development?

Answer 1

1) Vegetative (0-4 months)
2) Cooing (4-7 months)
3) Babbling (6-12 months)
4) Proto-words (9-12 months)

Question 2

What are the features within the vegetative stage?

Answer 2

• sounds of discomfort
• reflexive actions
• crying
• coughing
• burping
• sucking

Question 3

What are the features within the cooing stage?

Answer 3

• comfort sounds (e.g. grunts/sighs become vowel - like ‘coos’)
• vocal play (e.g. laughter)

Question 4

What are the features within the babbling stage?

Answer 4

• extended sounds resembling syllable-like sequences
• repeated patterns
• reduplicated sounds (e.g. baba) and non-reduplicated sounds (e.g. agu)

Question 5

What are the features within the proto-word stage?

Answer 5

• word-like vocalisations

Question 6

What are 4 stages of lexical and grammatical development?

Answer 6

1) Holophrastic/one-word (12-18 months)
2) Two-word (18-24 months)
3) Telegraphic (24-36 months)
4) Post-telegraphic (36+ months)

Question 7

What is deletion?

Answer 7

• omitting the final consonant in words

- e.g. do(g) or cu(p)

Question 8

What is substitution?

Answer 8

• substituting one sound for another

- e.g. ‘pip’ for ‘ship’

Question 9

What is addition?

Answer 9

• adding an extra sound (vowel) to the ends of words, creating another CVCV pattern
• e.g. doggie

Question 10

What is assimilation?

Answer 10

• changing one consonant or vowel for another

- e.g. ‘gog’ for ‘dog’

Question 11

What is reduplication?

Answer 11

• repeating a whole syllable

- e.g. dada

Question 12

What is a consonant cluster reduction?

Answer 12

• they can be difficult to articulate, so children reduce them to smaller units
• e.g. ‘pider’ for ‘spider’

Question 13

What is the deletion of unstressed syllables?

Answer 13

• omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words

- e.g. ‘nana’ for ‘banana’

Question 14

What are plosives?

Answer 14

• they’re created when the airflow is blocked for a brief time (e.g. b, d, g, p, t, k)

Question 15

What are fricatives?

Answer 15

• they’re created when the airflow is only partially blocked and air moves through the mouth in a steady stream (e.g. v, (as in thy), f, (as in thigh), s, (as in ship, h)

Question 16

What are affricates?

Answer 16

• they’re created by putting plosives and fricatives together (e.g. (as in judge), t (as in church))

Question 17

What are approximants?

Answer 17

• they’re similar sounds to vowels (e.g. w, r, j)

Question 18

What are nasals?

Answer 18

• they’re produced by air moving through the nose (e.g. m, n, )

Question 19

What are laterals?

Answer 19

• they’re created by placing the tongue on the ridge of the teeth and then air moving down the side of the mouth (e.g. l)

Question 20

What research was founded by Berko And Brown?

Answer 20

• shows that no child mispronounces on purpose; they think they’re pronouncing it correctly
• they found that a child who referred to a plastic inflatable fish as a ‘fis’, substituting the ‘s’ sounds for the ‘sh’, couldn’t link an adult’s use of ‘fis’ with the same object.