Phonology

Question 1

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 0-3 months

Answer 1

• Reflexive sounds making: produces glottal catch and vowels (ah, eh, uh)
• Differentiated cry (true vocal communication begins)
• Coos and gurgles
• produces single syllables

Question 2

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 3-6 months

Answer 2

• Babbling begins: Double syllables- VCV, “aga”
• Puts lips together- says ‘m’, nasal tone is heard.
• Babbling shows pitch and inflection change.

Question 3

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 6-9 months

Answer 3

• Starts using m, n, t, d, b, p in babbling multiple syllables
• Uses wide variety of sound combinations including non English sounds.
• Inflected vocal play- intonation patterns heard.
• Reduplicative babbling begins e.g. bababa

Question 4

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 9-12 months

Answer 4

• Vocalises during play.
• Jabbers loudly-wide variety of sounds and intonations.
• May acquire first true word (10-18 months)
• Variegated babbling begins- combines different syllables in vocal play.

Question 5

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 1-1.5 years

Answer 5

• Uses sentence like intonations (jargon).
• Uses most vowels and consonants in jargon.
• Words produced with CV structure emerge e.g. bo/boat

Question 6

Phonological Processes: 1-1.5 years

Answer 6

• Omits final consonants and some initial consonants.

Question 7

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 1.5-2 years

Answer 7

• Appearance of words produced with CVC structure

Question 8

Intelligibility: 1.5-2 years

Answer 8

• Improvement in intelligibility- now approximately 26-50% intelligible by 2 years.
• PCC: 69.2% by 2 years

Question 9

Phonological processes: 2-2.5 years

Answer 9

• May omit final consonant, reduce consonant blends; substitute one consonant for another.

Question 10

Intelligibility: 2-2.5 years

Answer 10

• Approximately 51-70% intelligible

Question 11

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 2.5-3 years

Answer 11

• Consonants mastered: p, b, t, d, m, n, ng, y, w, h by 3 years.

Question 12

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 3-3.5 years

Answer 12

• Consonants mastered: k, g, f by 3.5 years.

Question 13

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 3.5 - 4 years

Answer 13

• Continued refinement of articulatory skills taking place
• Consonants mastered: s, sh, ch, l by 4 years

Question 14

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 4 - 4.5 years

Answer 14

• Consonants mastered: z, j, and consonant clusters by 4.5 years

Question 15

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 5-6 years

Answer 15

• Consonants mastered: v, by 6 years.

Question 16

Phonetic inventory and word structure: 6-7 years

Answer 16

• Consonants mastered: voiced and voiceless ‘th’ by 8 years.

Question 17

Phonological processes: 2.5 - 3 years

Answer 17

• Still some substitution and distortion of consonants.
• Context sensitive voicing and word-final devoicing eliminated by age 3
• Stopping of ‘f’ and ‘s’ eliminated by age 3;0

Question 18

Phonological processes: 3 - 3.5 years

Answer 18

• Uses final consonants most of the time
• Final consonant deletion eliminated by age 3;3

Question 19

Phonological processes: 3.5 - 4 years

Answer 19

• Velar fronting eliminated by age 3;6
• Palatal fronting eliminated by age 3;9
• Stopping of ‘v’ and’z’ eliminated by age 3;6

Question 20

Phonological processes: 4 - 4.5 years

Answer 20

• Should be few omissions and substitutions of consonants
• Consonant harmony, weak syllable deletion and cluster reduction eliminated by age 4;0.
• Interdental lisp eliminated by age 4.5
  ** Lateral lisp never age appropriate**

Question 21

Phonological processes: 4.5-5 years

Answer 21

• Gliding of liquids eliminated by age 5;0.
• Stopping of ‘sh’, ‘j’ and ‘ch’ eliminated by 4;6
• More errors present in difficult blends

Question 22

Phonological processes: 5-6 years

Answer 22

• Stopping of voiced and voiceless ‘th’ eliminated by age 5;0

Question 23

Intelligibility: 2.5 - 3 years

Answer 23

• Approximately 71-80% intelligible

Question 24

Intelligibility: 3.5 - 4 years

Answer 24

• Becoming very intelligible in connected speech
• PCC: 76.41% by age 4

Question 25

Intelligibility: 4 - 4.5 years

Answer 25

• Very intelligible in connected speech

Question 26

Intelligibility: 4.5 - 5 years

Answer 26

• PCC: 82.45% by age 5

Question 27

Intelligibility: 5-6 years

Answer 27

• PCC: 88.36% by age 6

Question 28

Intelligibility: 6-7 years

Answer 28

• PCC: 90.76% by age 7