Phonology Flashcards
Define Phonology
the patterns and processes that govern how the sounds of a language’s inventory are combined or changed
freebee
freebee
define
Rules
describing which sounds can go where make up phonotactics
This vowel is what part of a syllable.
This vowel is the nucleus of the syllable.
Anything that comes before the nucleus is a?
Anything that comes before the nucleus is an onset.
Anything that comes after the nucleus is a ?
Anything that comes after the nucleus is a coda.
A syllable can only have how many vowels?
A syllable can have only one vowel.
diphthong.
When one vowel consists of two parts, it’s called a diphthong.
What is the only part of a syllable that is required?
The nucleus! (A vowel)
How to Syllabify
In order to break a word up into syllables, you must…
1. Transcribe the word into the IPA.
2. Identify the syllable nuclei by finding the vowels.
3. Assign the consonants to syllables as onsets or codas.
English syllable structure:
(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
“Simple” syllable structure:
(C)V
Moderately complex” syllable structure:
(C)(C)V(C)
“Complex” syllable structure:
(C)(C)(C)(…)V(C)(C)(…)
Stressed Syllables in English are…
Louder
Longer
Higher pitch
primary stress.
syllables is always more prominent than the others.
secondary stress.
All other stressed syllables
The Angry Pound
If you do this, you will pound the table on the primary stressed syllable of each word.
The sing-song call-out
“Aaaallisooon! Where are you?”
This sing-song call-out involves two major notes, the first higher than the second. The higher note must fall on a stressed syllable. Compare to:
“Ceciiiiiiliaaa!”
unstressed syllables almost always have the what vowel?
schwa vowel.
Stressed syllables of English almost never have the what vowel?
schwa vowel.
The one exception is /əɹ/, which can sometimes be stressed.
bird /ˈbəɹd/
girl /ˈgəɹl/
earthy /ˈəɹ.θi/
unburden /ˌʌn.ˈbəɹ.dən/
Metrical feet come in three kinds:
Trochees:
Iambs:
Spondees:
: the first syllable of the foot is stressed.
Trochees
Iambs:
the last syllable of the foot is stressed.
Spondees:
both syllables of the foot are stressed.
spanish
However, in English, pitch is the weakest indicator of stress out of the three. In Spanish, pitch is the what?
strongest indicator of stress.
spanish
Spanish Stress Patterns
trochees
french
In French, (____________________________________________) is often the strongest indicator of stress.
length
french
, French prefers
iambs
Manderin
In Mandarin, what is therefore the strongest indicator of stress
pitch
mandarin
Mandarin prefers
trochees or iambs
simplex.
When an onset consists of only one consonant
complex.
When an onset consists of two or more consonants,
consonant cluster.
When multiple consonants appear in a row,
Assimilation
occurs when one sound changes to become more similar to a neighboring sound.
Epenthesis
occurs when a sound is inserted into a word.
spanish
If the word ends in a vowel,
If the word ends in an “n” or “s”,
it is a trochee.
spanish
If the word ends in any other consonant, it is an
iamb.
If there is an accent mark,
that syllable is stressed.
Mandarin
Glides:
/j, ɥ, w/
Mandarin
High vowels:
/i, y, u/
Spanish only has two high vowels (), and only two glides ().
(/i, u/)
/j, w/
Which consonants can appear in a coda of Mandarin?
/ɹ, n, ŋ/
Initials
correspond to the first consonant of the onset, without the glide if there are two consonants.
Finals
correspond to the full rhyme, including nucleus and coda, plus any second-position glide from the onset.
Sandhi
A sound change that occurs because of neighboring words or morphemes.
Dissimilation:
a phonological process whereby a sound or sequence of sounds changes in order to make neighboring sounds less alike.
Mandarin Chinese has a form of sandhi that appears when ?
certain tones of the same type appear next to each other.
liaison
Many word-final consonants become onsets for following words that begin with a vowel.
These word-final consonants are otherwise “mute”.
Liaison can be described using an epenthesis rule.
Whenever a word spelled with a consonant at the end is followed by a word that begins with a vowel sound, the consonant sound is added to the onset of the following word.
