Phonological Processes Flashcards
Diminutization
Addition of /i/ or sometimes a consonant + /i/ to the target word.
“Cuppy” for cup
“Bookie” for book
By age 3
Reduplication
Repetition of a syllable of a target word. Sometimes called doubling.
Ex. “Ba-ba” for bottle
Age of disappearance: by 2 1/2
Final consonant deletion
Omission of final consonants.
“Ha” for hat
“Mo” for mom
By age 3
Assimilation
A sound in a word changes to become more like another sound in the world. It can affect place of articulation, manner of production, or voicing.
“Mom” for mop
“Cook” for took
By 3
Velar fronting
Replacement of velars “k, g, ng” with sounds made more anterior, particularly alveolars “t, d, n”.
“Pat” for pack
“Doat” for goat
By 3 1/2
Deaffrication
Replacement of an affricate with a stop or fricative.
“Tair” for chair
“Sop” for chop
By 4
Syllable deletion
Omission of one or more syllables from a multi-syllable word.
“Mato” tomato
“Nana” for banana
By 4
Cluster reduction
Deletion or substitution of some or all parts of a cluster.
“Pay” for play
“Ack” for black
By 5
Stopping
Substitution of stops for fricatives and affricates.
“Pish” for fish
“Toap” for soap
By 5
Depalatalization
Substitution of an alveolar fricative or affricate for a palatal affricate.
“Seck” for check
“Matses” for matches
By 5
Gliding
Substitution of liquids “l, r” by glides “w, y”
“Wed” for red
“Cawot” for carrot
Beyond 5
Vocalization
Substitution of a vowel for syllabic liquid, syllabic “-er,” or postvocalic liquid
“Simpo” for simple
“Papo” for paper
Beyond 5
Backing
Replacement of alveolars and palatals “t, d, s, z, n, sh, ch, dge” by sounds made more posterior, particularly “k, g, ng”
“Cop” for top
“Bike” for bite
“Kip” for ship
Phonological process
Describe the patterned modifications of the target adult pronunciations found in typically developing children.
