Phonlogy Flashcards
Allophones
Two or more realizations of a single phoneme which surface according to their phonetic environment
Example : [p] and [ph] are allophones of the /p/ phoneme
Pit - [phIt] tip- [tIp]
Phonology
The study of how sounds are string together and Thier interactions with each other
Phonemes
A speech sound which is formed according to language specific rules.
They are usually between slashes
Ex /p/
Analyzing Data
Step 1
Minimal Pairs
The first step is to look for minimal pairs. These are syllables or words that differ by a single phoneme.
An example would be:
Bat/Pat
These two words are identical except for the first sounds of each word, yet they have entirely different meanings. If you find minimal pairs then go no further if not proceed to the next step
Analyzing Date
Step 2
Complementary Distribution
Complementary Distribution refers to two ( or more) allophones of one phonemes which will never appear in each other’s environment. In other words, the sounds alternate with each other, depending where they are found in a word or pharse, just like [t] and [th] in English.
Once you found the environment in which these phonemes are alternated you need to under stand which phoneme is the underlying representation.
Underlying Representation
The underlying representation (UR) is the phoneme which is in the mind of the speaker and is represented by its allophones.
An example of is the /t/ is the underlying representation of all of the allophones [t] , [th] and [r]
The speaker thinks that each word spelled with a “t” is pronounced as [t]
There are several ways to distinguish the UR.
Free Variation
A note on free variation: Some phone memes have several allophones which can sometimes be observed in the same environment. When they are interchanged, they do not alter the meaning of the word. Example [spikIn] and [SpikIn]
Types of Rules
Assimilation Rules
Rules of assimilation cause a phoneme to take on certain features of adjacent. For instance, all vowel in English become [+nasal] when they precede a [nasal] consonant. This assimilation of the [nasal] feature facilitated production of the vowel sound. The rule looks like this:
V0-[+nasal]/__C0[+nasal]
Types of Rule
Dissimilation Rule
Dissimulation rules cause two adjacent phonemes to become different from each other to facilitate pronunciation.
Types of Rules
Insertion Rules
Insertion rules cause a phone to be added to a syllable or word. This is illustrated in English plurals. When [mEs] becomes plural, a plural [z.] or [s] cannot be added without case first inserting a swha since two silbants cannot be adjacent to each other
Types of Rules
Insertion Rules
Insertion rules cause a phoneme to be added to a syllable or word. These rules are applied to facilitate pronunciation and often seen in fast speech. Most English speaker will pronounce the word [mEmcri] ‘memory’ ‘memry’ omitying the schwa
Types of Rules
Methathesis
Metathesis rules change the order of sounds.The most common example of methathesis in English can be seen in the p
Articulatory Features
The amount and type of constriction of air as it travel through the vocal tract.
Consonant
Described by place and manner of articulation as well as voicing. when the vocal tract vibrates the phoneme is said to be [+voiced].The opposite is true when the vocal folds do not come into contact. [-voiced]
Natural Classes
Groups of phonemes can be classified according to places and manners of articulation
