Phonetique + letters Flashcards
use [i] for what letters?
i
î
ï
y
exceptions for “ai” = [ɛ]
“ail” and “aill” = [aj]
“aï” = [a i]
“ay” in forms of pays = [pe i]
“ai” in forms of faire with 2 syllables = [ə]
exceptions for “e” = [ɛ]
when “e” is before “mm” or “nn” is it [a]
use [a] for what letters?
a
oi
e + “mm” or “nn”
vocal harmonisation
With open ending syllables: the [ɛ] becomes [e] in a word if it is followed by a closed vowel sound: [e], [i], [y]
ex. sèche = [sɛʃ] and séché = [se ʃe]
* but never when the internal syllable is closed
use [y] for what letters?
u
û
exception: past particle of avoir: “eu” = [y]
use [ø] for what letters?
eu
oeu
*use when the syllable is open (or when followed by z)
use [œ] for what letters?
oeu
*use when syllable is closed (i.e. consonant after is pronounced)
use [u] for what letters?
ou
où
oû
use [o] for what letters?
o ô eau au (use in open syllables)
use [ɔ] for what letters?
o
au
-um (ending only)
(use in closed syllables)
use [ɑ̃] for what letters?
an am en em aen aon
use [ɛ̃] for what letters?
aim ain eim ein im in ym yn un um except: sometimes the ending -um = [ɔm]
use [ɔ̃] for what letters?
on
om
when to make the vowel nasal at the end of words
- if it’s followed by -n or -m
- if there are other consonants after -n or -m
- if there are other consonants after -n or -m and a silent “e” (or-ent)
when to make the vowel oral at the end of words
-if it’s followed by -nn or -mm or -n or -m and a silent “e”
when to make the vowel nasal within words
-if the “n” or “m” is followed by a pronounced consonant or more than one pronounced consonant
when to make the vowel oral within words
- if it’s followed by “n” or “m” or “nn” or “mm” and then a vowel
- the prefix em- and en- are always nasal even if followed by an “n” or “m”
bien
[bjɛ̃]
et
[e]
que
[kə]
juillet
[ʒɥi jɛ]
écueil
[e kœj]
un
[ɛ̃]
exceptions for “en” = [ɑ̃]
examen = [eg za mɛ̃] agenda = [a ʒɛ̃ da] ending -ien = [jɛ̃] ending -éen = [ɛ̃] ending -yen = [jɛ̃]
use [ɛ] for what letters? (Endings)
- et
- ai + …
- (e, è, ê, ai, ei) + C (because always use [ɛ] when syllable is closed)
Messieurs
[me sjø]
les voyelles arrondie
[y] [ø] [œ] [ə] [u] [o] [ɔ̃] [ɔ]
les voyelles écartée
[e] [a] [i] [ɛ] [ɛ̃] [ɑ̃]
h aspiré words
haut
hoqueté [ɔk te]
ancien
[ɑ̃ sjɛ̃]
huit
[ɥi]
un
[y]
mieux
[mjø]
before an h apsiré
interdit
before “huit “ or “onze”
interdit
singular noun + adjective
interdit
nominal group + verb
interdit: “les president X apparait”
multi-syllable pronoun + verb
interdit: “quelqu’un X éspère”
after inversion
interdit
interrogative word + verb
interdit
after “et”
interdit
plural noun + adjective
facultative
verb + verb
facultative
verb + adverb
facultative: “est encore”
after negation
facultative
after multi-syllable adverbs
facultative: “assez, extrememant”
after “mais”
facultative
multi-syllable prepositions
facultative: “après, avant, depuis, devant, pendant, durant, suivant”
interdit exceptions
“comment allez-vous?”
“Qaund est-ce que…”
“Un accent aigu.”
subject pronoun + verb
obligatoire: “vous ètes”
subject pronoun + object pronoun
obligatoire: “je vous y…”
object pronoun + pronoun
obligatoire
verb + pronoun
obligatoire: “Que fait-on?”
determinator + noun
obligatoire: “quelques idées” ou “mes étudiants”
adjective + noun
obligatoire
monosyllable adverb + adjective
obligatoire: “très abstraite” ou “plus original”
monosyllable prepositions + noun/pronoun/article before a noun
obligatoire: “dans une” “chez eux” “sous un”
“quand” + pronoun/noun
obligatoire: “quand il” “quand Helene”
after “dont” and “tout”
obligatoire
Verb + determinant/noun/preposition
Facultative: “c’est exact” “ils arrivent à heure” “il prend une”
[ɥ]
corresponds to sound [y] and letters “u”
“u” + V = ɥV
nuit [nɥi]
tuant [tɥɑ̃]
[j]
corresponds to sound [i] and letters “y” and “i”
“i” + V = jV
hier [jɛr]
yeux [jø]
[w]
corresponds to sound [u] and letters “ou”, “oi”, and “oe”
moelle [mwal]
jouons [ʒwɔ̃]
one vs two syllables semi-voyelles
p, t, y, k, b, d, g, f, v + r or l = two syllables
if one consonant, the the semi-voyelle = 1 syllable
cinq mots exceptions
-ill
mille ville tranquille Lille distiller and derivatives
oignon
[ɔ ɲɔ̃]
Chez
[ʃe]
Vieille
[vjɛj]
after an infinitive
facultative
exceptions to the semi voyelle rule
fruit [frɥi] pluie [plɥi] truite [trɥit] bruit [brɥi] bruine [brɥin] bruire [brɥir] druide [drɥid]
coin
[kwɛ̃]
ruelle
[rɥɛl]
cruel
[kry ɛl]
riant
[rjɑ̃]
friand
[fri jɑ̃]
“le” after a verb
e caduc obligatoire
C + C + ə + c
e caduc obligatoire
at the end of a word
e caduc interdit
monosyllables: “ce” “de”
facultatif
Cl, Cr + e: isolated word
facultatif
Cl, Cr + e: next word starts with vowel
interdit
isolated word with e caduc
obligatoire
C + ə + C: isolated word
interdit: amener
Cl, Cr + e: next word starts with consonant
obligatoire
C + ə + C + [j]
obligatoire
“e” + C + V
always [ə]
same sound: “ce soir” “le lit”
obligatoire
succession of syllables after a consonant
pronounce 1st, 3rd, 5th
exceptions: “ce que” “je te” “parce que” (first one not pronounced, second one pronounced
“re” + “ss”
always [ə]
succession of syllables after a vowel
Pronounce 2nd, 4th
e cadut before an h aspiré
obligatoire
before [rj] or [lj]
facultative: “de rien”
“b” + “s” or “t”
[p]
subsister
[syb zi ste]
seconde
[sə gɔ̃d]
anecdote
[a nɛg dɔt]
examen
[ɛg za mɑ̃]
médecin
[mɛt sɛ̃]
“x”
[ks]
V + “x” + V
[gz] except for foreign words
wagon
[va gɔ̃]
soixante
[swa sɑ̃t]
Bruxelles
[bry sɛl]
six
[sis]
dix
[dis]
question
[kɛ stjɔ̃]
[ɲ] exceptions
stagnant gnome agnostique diagnostique magnum prognostique
-kt, -pt muets
suspect [sys pe]
aspect [a spe]
distinct [di stɛ̃]
respect [re spe]
when not to pronounce -r at the end of words
infinitives: -er
adjectives and nouns of more than 1 syllable: papier
(except for l’amour, hiver, amer, cuiller, cancer, enfer or english words: gangster)
When not to pronounce -c at the end of words
when the word ends in a nasale vowel + c: banc, tronc
other words: estomac, tabac, clerc, porc, caoutchouc
When not to pronounce -f at the end of words
nerf, clef, cerf, serf
and not in the plural forms: Les oeufs, des boeufs
When not to pronounce -l at the end of words
soûl or cul
words of more than one syllable ending in a consonant + il: gentil, outil
except for avril, Brésil, persil, nombril
two pronunciations special words
août, le fait, le but, les moeurs
numbers two pronunciations
cinq, six, sept, huit, dix
pronounce end in front of a vowel
do not pronounce end (except for sept) in front of a consonant
Donc
in front of a consonant, do not pronounce the -c
in front of a vowel, do pronounce it
Tous
pronoun: [tus]: Ils sont tous ici.
adjective: [tu]: tous le monde.
Plus (do not pronounce s)
negation
comparative or superlative in front of a consonant
Plus (DO pronounce s)
comparative or superlative at the end of the sentence
in addition
in front of a vowel
Plus (facultative)
the expressions: de plus, en plus, au plus
exceptions to [ø]
veule [vøl] and meulage jeûne [ʒøn] but, jeune [ʒœn] beugle [bøgl] but, aveugle [avœgl] meute [møt] neutre [nøtr] eudes [ød]
intonation rules
rising in the middle of sentences.
rising at the end of most questions, unless the question is several phrases in one sentence.
falling at end of sentences and before colons.
dental consonants
[t]
[d]
[l]
[n]
labio dental consonants
[f]
[v]
bilabiale consonants
[p]
[b]
[m]
alvéolaire consonants
[s]
[z]
palatale consonants
[ʃ]
[ɲ]
[ʒ]
vélaire consonants
[k]
[g]
[r]
[ŋ]
sourdes consonants
[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [ʃ] [r]
hard k sound
“cc” + “i” or “e”
“cc” + “a” “o” “u”
“cc” + a consonant sound
“ch” in some words
ch words: hard K
archaique archange archeologie chaos chianti chloro- choeur christ chrome chronologie dichotomie écho orchestre psychologie technique
monsieur
[mə sjø]
Après + infinitive passé
Liaison obligatoire: après avoir bu
After “pas” and “plus”
Facultative, for the superlative
