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Linguistics > Phonetics: the Sounds of Language > Flashcards

Phonetics: the Sounds of Language Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of language.

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2
Q

Phones

A

Any sounds used in human language (also called speech sounds).

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3
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

An approach to phonetics that studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production.

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4
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

An approach to phonetics that is concerned with measuring and analyzing the physical properties of sound waves produced when we speak.

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5
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

A system for transcribing the sounds of
speech that attempts to represent each sound
of human speech with a single symbol.

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6
Q

Segments

A

Individual speech sounds

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7
Q

Syllable

A

A unit of linguistic structure that
consists of a syllabic element and any seg-
ments that are associated with it. (See also
Onset, Nucleus, Coda.)

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8
Q

Broad transcription

A

Phonetic transcrip-
tion that uses a relatively simple set of symbols
to represent contrasting segments. (Compare
narrow transcription.)

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9
Q

Diacritics

A

Marks added to a phonetic sym-
bol to alter its value in some way (e.g., a circle
under a symbol to indicate voicelessness).

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10
Q

Narrow transcription

A

Phonetic transcrip-
tion that uses a fairly elaborate set of symbols
and diacritics to show phonetic detail.

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11
Q

Larynx

A

The box-like structure located in the throat through which air passes during speech production; commonly known as the voice box (гркљан).

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12
Q

Vocal folds

A

A set of muscles inside the larynx that may be positioned in various ways to produce different glottal states (also called vocal cords).

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx (ждрело)

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14
Q

Vocal tract

A

The oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

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15
Q

Glottis

A

The space between the vocal folds.

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16
Q

Voiceless

A

The glottal state in which the vocal folds are pulled apart, allowing air to pass directly through the glottis (e.g., [t], [s],
[f] are voiceless).

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17
Q

Voiced

A

The glottal state in which the vocal folds are brought close together but not tightly closed, causing air passing through them to vibrate (e.g., [?], [z], [m] are voiced).

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18
Q

Class (sound)

A

A group of sounds that shares certain phonetic properties (e.g., all voiced sounds).

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19
Q

Vowels

A

Resonant, syllabic sounds produced with less obstruction in the vocal tract than that required for glides.

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20
Q

Consonants

A

Sounds that are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract.

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21
Q

Glides

A

Sounds that are produced with an articulation like that of a vowel, but move quickly to another articulation (e.g., [j], [w]).

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22
Q

Nonsyllabic (sounds)

A

Sounds that do not act as syllable peaks, as distinguished from syllabic sounds.

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23
Q

Syllabic (sounds)

A

Sounds that could be peaks of syllables (e.g., vowels in English).

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24
Q

Sonorous

A

Characterized by a relatively open vocal tract with relatively little obstruction of airflow as a sound is made (e.g., vowels are sonorous sounds).

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25
Q

Nucleus (N)

A

A vocalic element that forms the core of a syllable (e.g., the vowel [?] is the nucleus of the first syllable of Patrick).

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26
Q

Places of articulation

A

The points at which the airstream is modified in the vocal tract to produce phones (also called points of articulation).

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27
Q

Tip (of the tongue)

A

The narrow area at the front of the tongue.

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28
Q

Blade (of the tongue)

A

The area of the tongue just behind the tip.

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29
Q

Body (of the tongue)

A

The main mass of the tongue.

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30
Q

Back (of the tongue)

A

The part of the tongue that is hindmost but still lies in the mouth.

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31
Q

Dorsum (of the tongue)

A

The body and back of the tongue.

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32
Q

Labials

A

Sounds made with closure or near closure of the lips (e.g., the initial sounds of win and forget).

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33
Q

Bilabial

A

Involving both lips (e.g., p, b, and m are all bilabial consonants).

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34
Q

Labiodentals

A

Sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth (e.g., the initial sounds of freedom and vintage).

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35
Q

Dentals

A

Sounds made with the tongue placed against or near the teeth. e.g. temps, sept and zizi

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36
Q

Interdentals

A

Sounds made with the tongue placed between the teeth (e.g., [θ], [ð]). this, thing

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37
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

The small ridge just behind the upper front teeth.

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38
Q

Alveolar sounds

A

Sounds that are articulated at the small ridge just behind the upper front teeth. eg. top, deer, soap, zip, lip and neck

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39
Q

Alveopalatal (area)

A

The area just behind the alveolar ridge where the roof of the mouth rises sharply (also called palatoalveolar). e. r. show, chip and judge

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40
Q

Palate

A

The highest part of the roof of the mouth (непце).

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41
Q

Palatals

A

Sounds produced with the tongue on or near the palate (e.g., [j]).

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42
Q

Velum

A

The soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth.

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43
Q

Velars

A

Sounds made with the tongue touching or near the velum (e.g., [ŋ], [k]). eg. call and gay.

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44
Q

Labiovelars

A

Sounds made with the tongue raised near the velum and the lips rounded at the same time (e.g., the initial sound of wound). eg. wet.

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45
Q

Uvula

A

The small fleshy flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum (ресица).

46
Q

Uvulars

A

Sounds made with the tongue near or touching the uvula. No sounds in English.

47
Q

Pharyngeals

A

Sounds made through the modification of airflow in the pharynx by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx. No sounds in English.

48
Q

Glottals

A

Sounds produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators (e.g., [h], [ʔ]). eg. heave and hog.

49
Q

Manners of articulation

A

The various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways (e.g., nasal, fricative, liquid).

50
Q

Oral phones

A

Sounds produced with the velum raised and the airflow through the nasal passage cut off.

51
Q

Nasal phones

A

Sounds produced by lowering the velum, allowing air to pass through the nasal passages.

52
Q

Stops

A

Sounds made with a complete and momentary closure of airflow through the vocal tract (e.g., [p], [t], [k]).

53
Q

Nasal

A

A manner feature that characterizes any sound made with the velum lowered.

54
Q

Fricatives

A

Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (e.g., [f], [ʃ]).

55
Q

Continuants

A

Sounds that are produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth.

56
Q

Affricates

A

Noncontinuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure (e.g., [tʃ, d?]).

57
Q

Affrication

A

A process in which stops become affricates.

58
Q

Aspiration

A

The lag in the onset of vocalic voicing —accompanied by the release of air — that is heard after the release of certain stops in English (e.g., the first sound of top is aspirated).

59
Q

Unreleased stop

A

At the end of a stop, the articulator remains at the place of articulation (e.g., the tongue stays at the alveolar
ridge at the end of [t]).

60
Q

Lateral (sound)

A

A sound made with the sides of the tongue lowered (e.g., varieties of [l]).

61
Q

Diacritics

A

Marks added to a phonetic sym bol to alter its value in some way (e.g., a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness).

62
Q

Retroflex

A

Sounds produced by curling the tongue tip back into the mouth (e.g., American English [ɹ]).

63
Q

Flap

A

A sound commonly identified with r and produced when the tongue tip strikes the
alveolar ridge as it passes across it (e.g., in
North American English, the medial conso-
nant in bitter and bidder).

64
Q

Syllabic liquids

A

Liquids that function as syllabic nuclei (e.g., the l in bottle).

65
Q

Syllabic nasals

A

Nasals that function as syllabic nuclei (e.g., the n in button).

66
Q

Simple vowels

A

Vowels that do not show a noticeable change in quality during their production (also called monophthongs) (e.g., the vowel sounds of cab and get).

67
Q

Diphthongs

A

Vowels that show a noticeable change in quality within a single syllable (e.g., the vowel sounds in house and ride).

68
Q

Major diphthongs

A

Diphthongs in which there is extreme tongue movement from the initial vowel to the glide (e.g., [aj], [ɔj], and [aw]).

69
Q

Minor diphthongs

A

Diphthongs in which there is not a great change in articula tor position from the initial vowel to the glide (e.g., [ej] and [ow]).

70
Q

Low (sound)

A

A sound made with the tongue lowered (e.g., [a], [ɑ], [æ]).

71
Q

Low vowel

A

A vowel that is made with the tongue lowered (e.g., the vowel sounds made in the words cat and top).

72
Q

High vowel

A

A vowel that is made with the tongue raised (e.g., the vowel sounds in beat and lose).

73
Q

Front vowel

A

A vowel that is made with the
tongue positioned in the front of the oral cav-
ity (e.g., the vowel sounds in seal and bat).

74
Q

Back vowel

A

A vowel that is made with
the tongue positioned in the back of the
mouth (e.g., the vowel sounds in hoot and
board).

75
Q

Rounding

A

The act of protruding the lips to make rounded sounds.

76
Q

Round

A

A place feature that characterizes sounds made by protruding the lips (e.g., [ɔ], [w]).

77
Q

Mid vowels

A

Vowels that are made with the tongue neither raised nor lowered (e.g., the vowel sounds in set and Coke).

78
Q

Tense vowels

A

Vowels that are made with a relatively tense tongue and greater vocal tract constriction than a lax vowel (e.g., the vowel sounds in heat and boat).

79
Q

Lax vowels

A

Vowels that are made with a placement of the tongue that results in relatively less vocal tract constriction (e.g., the vowel sounds in hit and but).

80
Q

Schwa

A

The mid lax unrounded vowel that is characterized by briefer duration than any of the other vowels (also called a reduced vowel) (e.g., the underlined vowels in Canada, suppose).

81
Q

Suprasegmental

A

Above the individual speech sound. (Syllables are suprasegmental.)

82
Q

Suprasegmental properties

A

Those properties of sounds that form part of their makeup no matter what their place or manner of articulation: pitch, loudness, and
length (also called prosodic properties).

83
Q

Pitch

A

The auditory property of a sound that enables us to place it on a scale that ranges from low to high.

84
Q

Loudness

A

The subjective impression of a speech sound’s volume relative to the sounds around it.

85
Q

Length

A

The subjective impression of time occupied by the duration of a phone.

86
Q

Tone

A

Pitch differences that signal differences in meaning.

87
Q

Tone language

A

A language in which differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch.

88
Q

Intonation

A

Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning.

89
Q

Contour tones

A

Tones that change pitch on a single syllable.

90
Q

Register tones

A

Tones that have a stable pitch over a single syllable.

91
Q

Terminal (intonation) contour

A

Falling intonation at the end of an utterance, signaling that the utterance is complete.

92
Q

Nonterminal (intonation) contour

A

Rising or level intonation at the end of an utterance, often signaling that the utterance is incomplete.

93
Q

Downdrift

A

The maintenance of a distinction among the pitch registers of an utterance even as the overall pitch of the utterance falls.

94
Q

Long vowels

A

Vowels that are articulated for a longer period of time than corresponding short vowels.

95
Q

Geminates

A

Double consonants (e.g., [tt]) that are articulated for a longer period of time than the corresponding single consonant (e.g., [t]).

96
Q

Stressed vowels

A

Vowels that are perceived as relatively more prominent due to the combined effects of pitch, loudness, and length.

97
Q

Primary stress

A

The most prominent stress of a word.

98
Q

Secondary stress

A

The second most prominent stress in a word.

99
Q

Coarticulation

A

An articulation in which phonemes overlap to a certain extent.

100
Q

Articulatory processes

A

Adjustments in articulation that can occur during the production of speech (e.g., deletion,
epenthesis, assimilation).

101
Q

Assimilation

A

The influence of one segment on another, resulting in a sound

102
Q

Nasalization

A

The nasalizing effect that a nasal consonant can have on an adjacent vowel.

103
Q

Voicing assimilation

A

The process in which one sound becomes more like another sound in terms of whether it is voiced or voiceless.

104
Q

Voicing

A

(1) A kind of assimilation in which a sound becomes voiced because of a nearby voiced sound.
(2) A historical process of consonant weakening in which voiceless stops or fricatives become voiced.

105
Q

Devoicing

A

Voicing assimilation in which a sound becomes voiceless because of a nearby voiceless sound (e.g., the l in place is devoiced because of the voiceless stop preceding it).

106
Q

Place or manner assimilation

A

The process by which one segment becomes more like another in either the place at which it is articulated or the manner by which it is
articulated.

107
Q

Flapping

A

A sound commonly identified with r and produced when the tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it (e.g., in North American English, the medial consonant in bitter and bidder).

108
Q

Dissimilation

A

A process whereby one segment becomes less like another segment in its environment (e.g., anma ‘soul’ in a form of Latin became alma in Spanish).

109
Q

Deletion

A

A process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts (e.g., the pronunciation of fifths as [fifs]).

110
Q

Epenthesis

A

A process that inserts a segment into a particular environment (e.g., the insertion of a schwa in the pronunciation of athlete as [?θəlit]).

111
Q

Metathesis

A

A process that reorders a sequence of segments (e.g., in child language, pronouncing spaghetti as [pəskεɾi]).

112
Q

Vowel reduction

A

A process that converts a full vowel, typically unstressed, to the short, lax schwa.

Linguistics (4 decks)

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