Phonetics terminology Flashcards
accent
difference in pronunciation related to geography
advanced
sounds that are produced closer to the front of the vocal tract *also known as fronting
active
used to describe an articulator that moves during the production of a sound
affricate
sound produced using a closure and narrow release of air, combination of stop and fricative (manner of articulation)
allophones
Allophones – different variations of the same phoneme: e.g. /t/ produced with aspiration, dentalised, velarised etc.
alveolar
sound produced using tongue making contact with the alveolar ridge (place of articulation)
apical
using the tip of the tongue as an articulator
approximant
sound produced by bringing one articulator close to another without actually touching it (manner of articulation)
articulation
use of the vocal organs (articulators) to modify airflow into speech sounds
aspiration
producing a sound with an exhalation of breath
assimilation
when a sound changes as a result of the surrounding sounds (e.g. handbag should be produced as /ˈhændˌbæɡ/) but is often pronounced as /ˈhæmbæɡ/ in rapid speech. It is easier to produce a /m/ rather than the /nd/ because /m/ and /b/ are both bilabial consonants (easier to use the same place of articulation rather than shifting between different places of articulation for /n/ and then /d/).
backing
sounds that are produced closer to the back of the vocal tract
bernoulli effect
suction at the base of the vocal chords caused by pressure in the vocal chords – part of the phonation cycle in voicing
bilabial
sound produced using both lips (place of articulation)
breathy voice
voice with slight vocal chord vibration and air escaping
broad transcription
simplest set of symbols; how the sounds should sound in RP
centralised
when a vowel is produced with the tongue halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel
closure
when the vocal chords close together
co-articulation
when a sound’s production is influenced by a the preceding or the following sound
coda
the last sound in a word following the peak vowel sound
contoid
- sounds made with a closure in the oral cavity to produce friction (consonants)
coronal
sounds produced using the tip of the tongue (dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex)
creaky voice
voice with individual pulses of vibration of the vocal chords
dental
sound produced using teeth (place of articulation) > dentalised = use of the teeth as an additional articulator
dialect
variety of language with its own grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation
dipthong
two vowels combined into a single syllable
dorsal
sounds produced using the body of the tongue (palatal, velar, uvular)
egressive airflow
sounds that use airflow that leaves the body through the mouth
ejective
– stop sound produced by egressive airflow in the glottis (airflow trapped between the glottis and larynx that escapes through the mouth (manner of articulation)
elision
when a whole segment of a word gets omitted (e.g suppose > spose)
epenthesis
insertion of an additional sound in a word (e.g. hamster > hampster)
fricative
ound produced by narrow constriction of airflow through the articulators (manner of articulation)
glide
an approximant without obstruction in the centre of the mouth (e.g. y sound /j/) *also known as a semivowel (manner of articulation)
glottal
sound produced by using the glottis to constrict airflow (place of articulation)
glottalised
complete or partial closure of the vocal chords in sounds that aren’t normally glottal
haplology
when a whole syllable is omitted from a word (e.g. probably > probly)
homorganic
sounds that are produced in the same place of articulation (e.g. /p, b, m/)
implosive
sound produced using ingressive airflow in the glottis (airflow trapped between the glottis and the larynx enters through the mouth) (manner of articulation)
Ingressive airflow
sounds that use airflow that comes into the body through the mouth
initiation
supply of airflow to the system
labiodental
sound produced using teeth and lips (place of articulation)
labial
sounds produced using the lips (bilablial, labiodental) (place of articulation)
labialised
use of the lips as additional articulators
laminal
using the blade of the tongue as an articulator
lateral approximant
sound produced by bringing one articulator close to another without actually touching it, airflow passes down the sides of the tongue (manner of articulation)
lateral fricative
a fricative produced by constricting airflow down the sides of the tongue (manner of articulation)
larynx
ontains the vocal chords, tongue root, epiglottis and top of the trachea
lexical sets
standard way to refer to specific vowels (e.g. FOOT vowel; used in should, good, wool) Wells 1982
liquid
a voiced lateral approximant (/l/ in led, /ɹ/ in red)
lowered
when the tongue is lowered in vowel production
narrow transcription
Transcription with most phonetic detail
nasal
sound produced using airflow from the nasal cavity (manner of articulation)
nasalised
use of the nasal cavity as an additional articulator
non pulmonic
sounds produced where air from the lungs is trapped between the larynx and the glottis
obstruents
sounds involving a blockage of airflow (stops & fricatives)
onset
the first sound in a word (cat)
palatal
sound produced with the tongue making contact with the hard palate (place of articulation)
palatalised
use of the palate as an additional articulator
passive
used to describe an articulator that doesn’t move during the production of a sound
peak
the main vowel sound in a word
pharyngeal
sound produced using the root of the tongue and the pharynx (place of articulation)
pharyngealised
use of constriction of the pharynx as an additional articulator
phonation
modification of the airflow at the larynx
phonemic transcription
broad transcription of RP //
phonetic transcription
narrow transcription of individual speaker use []
phonotactics
the allowed arrangements of phonemes for a specific language
plosive
sound produced by stopping airflow then a sudden release (manner of articulation)
post-alveolar
sound produced with the tongue making contact just after the alveolar ridge (place of articulation)
postvocalic
a consonant that occurs after a vowel
pulmonic
Uses the lungs
radical
sounds produced using the root of the tongue or the glottis
raised
when the tongue is raised in vowel production
reduction
shortening of a vowel in a certain context
retroflex
sound produced with the tip of the tongue curled up towards the hard palate (place of articulation)
rhoticity
adding an r sound to another sound
rounded
producing a sound whilst rounding the lips
RP
recieved pronounciation- a non localised accent that is the standard used for transcription
sociolinguistics
variations in speech related to social factors (gender, class, SES)
sonorant
sounds with no blockage of airflow (vowels, glides, liquid and nasal consonants)
stops
sounds that involve a stoppage of airflow in the vocal tract /b p d t g k/
stress
degree of emphasis given to a specific sound
supralaryngeal
any articulator above the larynx
tap
sound produced when the tongue rapidly hits another articulator once (manner of articulation)
trill
sound produced by rapid vibration of the tongue against the hard palate, soft palate or uvula (manner of articulation)
uvular
sound produced using the back of the tongue and the uvula (place of articulation)
velar
sound produced with the back of the tongue making contact with the velum (place of articulation)
velarised
used of the velum as an additional articulator
voice onset time
the period between the release of the closure for the stop and the start of the vocal fold vibration
voiced
vibration of the vocal chords
voiceless
no vibration of the vocal chords
vocoid
sound made with an open oral cavity and no friction in the mouth (all vowels and /j/ and /w/)
whisper
sound produced with no vocal fold vibration
