Phonetics & Phonology Flashcards
Three lines of Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics
Auditory phonetics
Semivowels
j & w. Phonetically vocoids but in phonology consonant-like
Diphongs
Glide from one vowel to a second one smoothly. Closing & Centring
Properties of Sound waves
Amplitude, Frequency, Simplicity/Complexity
Prominence Theory
that in any flow of speech some sounds are more prominent that others, they are produced with little or no obstruction to airflow and sounding comparatively loud, segmenting speech into “troughs” and “crests”, crests are the nucleus and troughs mark the boundaries of the syllable.
Pulse Theory
claims that syllables can be detected by means of pulses of muscular action which control the movements of the lungs as the airstream is expelled from them. In the utterance of flow of speech the number of chest pulses can be counted, and these chest pulses are accompanied by increases in air pressure which correspond to the number of syllables.
Junction
the little pause in between words that make the diference nitrate & night rate. There is open transition & close transition.
Strong & Weak word forms
You know this
Sandhi Rules
Linking-r, extrernal & internal sandhi. Intrusive-r. assimilation, ellision
Attitudinal function
intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we speak
Accentual function
intonation helps to highlight to emphasize the most prominent part of an utterance
Grammatical function
intonation makes it possible to recognize the grammar and syntactic structure of what is being said, the differences between questions and statements, grammatical subordination, the placement of boundaries between phrases, clauses or sentences.
Discourse function
looking at the act of speaking in a broader way, intonation can signal the listener what is to be taken as new information and what is already given, it may indicate a contrast convey to the listener what kind of responce is expected
Approaches to phonemes
The mentalistic/psychological view
The physical view
The functional view
The abstract view
The Mentalistic View
regards the phoneme as an ideal sound at which the speaker aims. By Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay.
The Physical View
B. regards the phoneme as a family of sounds satisfying certain conditions:
-the various members of the family must show phonetic similarity to one another. -
No member of the family may occur in the phonetic context as any other; this condition is referred to as the requirement of complementary distribution. This position is taken by Jones
The Functional View
C.regards the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meaning may be differentiated. Meaning differentiation is taken to be a defining characteristic of phonemes. Therefore, the most important role is assigned to distinctive features. This position was taken by Bloomfield, Trubetzkoy, Jakobson.
The Abstract View
D.represented by E. Sapir and also advocated in the approach of the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle. It regards phonemes as essentially independent of the phonetic properties associated with them. Such non-phonetic criteria used in assigning sounds to phonemes can be the involvement in morphological alternations, or distributioinal similarity in syllables.
Complementary distribution
not occuring in the same environment and, therefore, not distinctive
Free variation
where two phonetically different sounds may occur in the same environment but are always interchangeable therein in all utternaces they are equally non distinctive and are grouped into the same phoneme.
Unidimensional opposition
1.the base common for both phonemes in opposition does not occur in other pairs of phonemes (f. e. t-d because there are no other alveolar plosives in English)
Multidimensional opposition
2.the common base occurs in more than two phonemes (p-t-k, same common base, voiceless oral plosive)
Proportional opposition
- the relation between two phonemes occurs in several pairs of phonemes(pairs p-b, t-d, k-g)
Isolated opposition
4.the given relation between two phonemes does not occur elsewhere (r-l)
