Phonetics & Phonology

Question 1

Three lines of Phonetics

Answer 1

Articulatory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics
Auditory phonetics

Question 2

Semivowels

Answer 2

j & w. Phonetically vocoids but in phonology consonant-like

Question 3

Diphongs

Answer 3

Glide from one vowel to a second one smoothly. Closing & Centring

Question 4

Properties of Sound waves

Answer 4

Amplitude, Frequency, Simplicity/Complexity

Question 5

Prominence Theory

Answer 5

that in any flow of speech some sounds are more prominent that others, they are produced with little or no obstruction to airflow and sounding comparatively loud, segmenting speech into “troughs” and “crests”, crests are the nucleus and troughs mark the boundaries of the syllable.

Question 6

Pulse Theory

Answer 6

claims that syllables can be detected by means of pulses of muscular action which control the movements of the lungs as the airstream is expelled from them. In the utterance of flow of speech the number of chest pulses can be counted, and these chest pulses are accompanied by increases in air pressure which correspond to the number of syllables.

Question 7

Junction

Answer 7

the little pause in between words that make the diference nitrate & night rate. There is open transition & close transition.

Question 8

Strong & Weak word forms

Answer 8

You know this

Question 9

Sandhi Rules

Answer 9

Linking-r, extrernal & internal sandhi. Intrusive-r. assimilation, ellision

Question 10

Attitudinal function

Answer 10

intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we speak

Question 11

Accentual function

Answer 11

intonation helps to highlight to emphasize the most prominent part of an utterance

Question 12

Grammatical function

Answer 12

intonation makes it possible to recognize the grammar and syntactic structure of what is being said, the differences between questions and statements, grammatical subordination, the placement of boundaries between phrases, clauses or sentences.

Question 13

Discourse function

Answer 13

looking at the act of speaking in a broader way, intonation can signal the listener what is to be taken as new information and what is already given, it may indicate a contrast convey to the listener what kind of responce is expected

Question 14

Approaches to phonemes

Answer 14

The mentalistic/psychological view
The physical view
The functional view
The abstract view

Question 15

The Mentalistic View

Answer 15

regards the phoneme as an ideal sound at which the speaker aims. By Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay.

Question 16

The Physical View

Answer 16

B. regards the phoneme as a family of sounds satisfying certain conditions:
-the various members of the family must show phonetic similarity to one another. -
No member of the family may occur in the phonetic context as any other; this condition is referred to as the requirement of complementary distribution. This position is taken by Jones

Question 17

The Functional View

Answer 17

C.regards the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meaning may be differentiated. Meaning differentiation is taken to be a defining characteristic of phonemes. Therefore, the most important role is assigned to distinctive features. This position was taken by Bloomfield, Trubetzkoy, Jakobson.

Question 18

The Abstract View

Answer 18

D.represented by E. Sapir and also advocated in the approach of the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle. It regards phonemes as essentially independent of the phonetic properties associated with them. Such non-phonetic criteria used in assigning sounds to phonemes can be the involvement in morphological alternations, or distributioinal similarity in syllables.

Question 19

Complementary distribution

Answer 19

not occuring in the same environment and, therefore, not distinctive

Question 20

Free variation

Answer 20

where two phonetically different sounds may occur in the same environment but are always interchangeable therein in all utternaces they are equally non distinctive and are grouped into the same phoneme.

Question 21

Unidimensional opposition

Answer 21

1.the base common for both phonemes in opposition does not occur in other pairs of phonemes (f. e. t-d because there are no other alveolar plosives in English)

Question 22

Multidimensional opposition

Answer 22

2.the common base occurs in more than two phonemes (p-t-k, same common base, voiceless oral plosive)

Question 23

Proportional opposition

Answer 23

3. the relation between two phonemes occurs in several pairs of phonemes(pairs p-b, t-d, k-g)

Question 24

Isolated opposition

Answer 24

4.the given relation between two phonemes does not occur elsewhere (r-l)

Question 25

Privative opposition

Answer 25

I.the difference between the phonemes is based on the presence vs absence of a particular distinctive feature. The former member is called marked, the latter unmarked. Forexample voiced voiceless

Question 26

Gradual opposition

Answer 26

the members differ by a different degree of a feature (closed-halfclosed-halfopen-open vowels)

Question 27

Equipollent opposition

Answer 27

III. the members of the pair differ in several features