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Phonetics Final > Phonetics Final Review > Flashcards

Phonetics Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Know the Vowel Quadrilateral

A

x

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2
Q

Know Vowel Reduction Chart

A

x

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3
Q

Know the Consonant Chart

A

x

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4
Q

Know the Diacritics Chart

A

x

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5
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A

The smallest variation in sound that changes word meaning

The smallest unit in sound that can distinguish between morphemes

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6
Q

What is a Morpheme?

A

A group of sounds with a single meaning

“cat” = 1 morpheme

“cats” = 2 morphemes (“cat” + “s”)

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7
Q

Vowel reduction

A

Vowels become minimized in everyday speech

Point Vowels moved towards mid vowels to /ə/ (especially in unstressed syllables)

Diphthongs move to monophthongs

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8
Q

Diphthongs

A

A blending of two phones to produce a single phoneme

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9
Q

Explain Monophthongization in dialects (or atypical speech in children or adults)

A

The offglide of the diphthong is omitted but the onglide is lengthened as a remnant of the original form

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10
Q

What are Allophones?

A

A variation of a phoneme that does not change the meaning

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11
Q

What is Complementary distribution?

A

Allophones that occur in a predictable manner according to the speaker

There is some kind of rule to their usage

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12
Q

What is free variation?

A

Allophones that occur with no set pattern

Are usually used for emphasis

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13
Q

Coarticulation

A

When a sound is produced differently due to the influence of other sounds in its phonetic context

An overlapping of adjacent articulations

Sounds are produced in different parts of the mouth: /ki/ vs. /kɔ/

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14
Q

Assimilation

A

When a sound segment takes on characteristics of neighboring sounds

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15
Q

Spreading

Shingling

A

Characteristics of one sound permeates nearby sounds - like a gas - coloring them

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16
Q

Blending

Co-Production

A

The proximity of two words creates a fusion or hybrid sound

ASU turns into [ e͞ɪɛʃu ]

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17
Q

Anticipatory Assimilation

A

When a sound is altered in anticipation of the sound to follow

input = [ ɪmpʊt ]

tenth = [ tɛn̪θ ]

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18
Q

Retentive (Regressive) Assimilation

A

A sound that retains characteristics of the proceeding sound

me = [ mĩ ]

try = [ tr̥ɑ͞ɪ ]

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19
Q

Broad vs. narrow transcription

A

Broad transcription is general detail, written in slashes, and is what you would find in the dictionary.

Narrow transcription is fine detail and written in brackets

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20
Q

Phonetic transcription

A

Written in brackets

Narrow Transcription

Identifies allophones

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21
Q

Phonemic transcription

A

Written in slashes

Broad transcription

Identifies phonemes

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22
Q

Why do we need the IPA?

5

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

One sound per symbol

Sounds are written the same across languages

All sounds are pronounced

Provides linguistic consistancy

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23
Q

Minimal contrast

Minimal pairs

A

Two morphemes that differ in only one phoneme

“pit” & “bit”

“mall” & “mill”

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24
Q

3 systems of speech production

A

Respiratory

Laryngeal

Supralaryngeal

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25
Q

Parts of the Respiratory System

6

A

Lungs

Trachea

Ribcage

Abdomen

Air Passages

Thoracic Muscles

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26
Q

Role of the Respiratory System

A

Air Source

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27
Q

Parts of the Laryngeal System

2

A

Larynx

Vocal Folds

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28
Q

Role of the Laryngeal System

A

Sound Source

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29
Q

Parts of the Supralaryngeal System

1+3

A

Everything above the larynx

Three cavities:

 Pharyngeal

 Oral

 Nasal
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30
Q

Role of the Supralaryngeal System

A

Sound Filter

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31
Q

What is Fundamental Frequency?

A

f₀

Rate of vocal fold vibration. Measured in Hz

High f₀ = high pitch, low f₀ = low pitch

The first formant

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32
Q

2-Way Scoring

A

Looking at one particular sound

Is it pronounced right or wrong?

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33
Q

5-Way Scoring

A

Looking at one sound

Is it right or wrong?

Deletions?

Substitutions?

Distortions?

Additions?

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34
Q

What is the High/Low characteristic of vowels?

A

Tongue height

Is Tongue high or low in the mouth?

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35
Q

What is the Front/Back characteristic of vowels?

A

Tongue advancement

Is Tongue moved forward or backward in the mouth?

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36
Q

What is the Rounded/Not Rounded characteristic of vowels?

A

Lips are either rounded or unrounded

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37
Q

What is the Tense/Lax characteristic of vowels?

A

Vowels are tense or lax

Gauged by either muscle tension or by duration

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38
Q

What is the Stressed/Unstressed characteristics of Central Vowels?

A

Stressed = /ʌ/ & /ɝ/

Unstressed = /ə/ & /ɚ/

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39
Q

What is the Rounded/Not Rounded characteristics of Central Vowels?

A

Rounded vowels carry some /r/ quality

/ɚ/ is not always rounded

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40
Q

What are the High Vowels?

A

/i/ & /ɪ/

/u/ & /ʊ/

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41
Q

What are the Low Vowels?

A

/æ/

/ɑ/

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42
Q

What are the Front Vowels?

A

/i/

/ɪ/

/e͞ɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

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43
Q

What are the Back Vowels?

A

/u/

/ʊ/

/o/ & /o͞ʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɑ/

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44
Q

What are the Rounded Vowels?

A

/u/

/ʊ/

/o/ & /o͞ʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɝ/

/ɚ/

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45
Q

What are the Not Rounded Vowels?

A

/i/

/ɪ/

/e/ & /e͞ɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

/ɑ/

/ʌ/

/ə/

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46
Q

What are the Tense Vowels?

A

/i/

/e/ & /e͞ɪ/

/u/

/o/ & /o͞ʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɑ/

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47
Q

What are the Lax Vowels?

A

/ɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

/ʊ/

/ʌ/

/ə/

/ɚ/

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48
Q

What are the Stressed Central Vowels?

A

/ʌ/

/ɝ/

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49
Q

What are the Unstressed Central Vowels?

A

/ə/

/ɚ/

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50
Q

What are the Rounded Central Vowels?

A

/ɝ/

/ɚ/

/ɜ/

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51
Q

What are the Not Rounded Central Vowels?

A

/ʌ/

/ə/

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52
Q

Obstruent

A

A sound formed with a complete or narrow constriction of the vocal tract

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53
Q

What Manners of Articulation are Obstruents?

A

Stops

Fricatives

Affricate

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54
Q

Sonorant

A

A speech sound with relatively free airflow through the vocal tract

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55
Q

What Manners of Articulation are Sonorants?

A

Nasals

Glides

Liquids

(Everything that is not an Obstruent!)

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56
Q

Strident

A

A speech sound characterized by an intense fricative noise

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57
Q

What Manners of Articulation are Stridents?

A

Fricatives

/s/

/z/

/ʃ/

/ʒ/

Sometimes….

/f/

/v/

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58
Q

Sibilant

A

A speech sound characterized by an intense, high frequency noice

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59
Q

What Phonemes are Sibilants?

A

Fricatives

/s/

/z/

/ʃ/

/ʒ/

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60
Q

Plosive

A

Stop consonant

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61
Q

Homorganic

A

Having the same PLACE of articulation

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62
Q

Homotypic

A

Having the same MANNER of articulation

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63
Q

Cognate

A

Sound with the same manner and place of articulation but who differ in voicing

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64
Q

Voice Onset Time

A

The interval between the articulation of a consonant and the onset of voicing

VOT is longer after voiceless stops than after voiced stops

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65
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

A phonetic effect that extends over more than one segment in an utterance

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66
Q

Paralinguistics

A

“Para” = beyond, beside

“Linguisic” = the actual word

The various nonverbal properties of speech that convey information about the speaker’s emotion, attitude, and demeanor

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67
Q

Prosody

A

“The music of language”

The various properties of speech that go beyond segmental representation

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68
Q

Elements of Prosody

A

Stress

Rhythm

Intonation

Tone

Contrastive Stress

Etc.

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69
Q

Prosody: Stress

A

The degree of prominence associated with a particular syllable

Can be due to pitch, intensity, or duration

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70
Q

Prosody: Rhythm

A

The distribution of stress along the syllable chain

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71
Q

Prosody: Intonation

A

Patterns of pitch changes or speech melody

Patterns of stress

Cuing for breath units, phrases, clauses

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72
Q

Prosody: Tone

A

Can distinguish between questions (rising juncture), statements (falling juncture), lists of items (rising juncture until last), adjective patterns (rising and falling juncture), etc.

In some languages, like Chinese, tone can distinguish meaning of words

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73
Q

Prosody: Contrastive Stress

A

Distinguishes between…

New & given information

Contrasting items

Lexical meaning (“proJECT” vs. “PROject”)

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74
Q

Syllable

A

Has an onset (beginning consonant) a rhyme (nucleus, vowel) and a coda (final consonant)

The onset and coda are optional. The rhyme is necessary!

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75
Q

Onset

A

Beginning consonant

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76
Q

Rhyme

A

Syllable nucleus

Usually a vowel, but can be a syllabic consonant

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77
Q

Nucleus

A

Vowels are usually the syllable nucleus

If not, there will be a syllabic consonant

Two vowel = two syllables (excepting diphthongs

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78
Q

Coda

A

Ending consonant

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79
Q

What is Prominence in Stressed Syllables?

A

The syllables with stronger stress

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80
Q

What is Sonority in Stressed Syllables?

A

The auditory force of a speech sound

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81
Q

Describe Juncture across word boundaries

A

Marks boundaries between words and/or clauses

Creates a sense of expectation

May be non-existant

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82
Q

Describe Assimilation across word boundaries

A

In conversational speech, words without junctures between them will begin to blend the coda of one word with the onset of another

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83
Q

Characteristics of Southern Dialects

A

Pen-Pin merger

Monophthongization of /ɑ͞ɪ/ to /ɑ:/

Raising the onglide of /a͞ʊ/ to /æ͞ʊ/ or even /æ:w/

Diphthongization or Triphthongization of traditional short front vowels. ( /æ/ becomes /æjə/, /ɛ/ becomes /ɛjə/, and /ɪ/ becomes /ɪjə/ )

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84
Q

Characteristics of Northern Cities Dialects

A

Raising & tensing of /æ/ toward /ɪə/ ( /kæt/ vs. /kɪət/ )

Fronting of /ɑ/ to /a/ (sometimes to almost /æ/ )

Lowering of /ɔ/ to /ɑ/ (There is no merger due to fronting of /ɑ/ )

Backing of /ɛ/ to /ə/ (Sometimes it lowers to /æ/ )

Backing of /ʌ/ to /ɔ/

Lowering and backing of /ɪ/ (but no pin-pen merger)

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85
Q

Characteristics of West Coast/California Dialects

A

Raising of /ɪ/ to /i/ when before /ŋ/

Raising & diphthongizing of /æ/ to /eə/ or /ɪə/ before nasal consonants

Lowering of /æ/ to /a/ in all other contexts

Fronting of /ʊ/ to /ʌ/

Fronting of /ʌ/ to /ɛ/

Lowering of /ɛ/ to /æ/

Raising of /ɑ/ to /ɔ/

Fronting of both /u/ and /o͞ʊ/

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86
Q

Functional Equivalence

A

Different transcriptions that basically mean the same thing

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87
Q

What are some aids & strategies in transcription?

7

A

Find a comfortable spot

Use headphones

Gloss if necessary

Use pencil

Use visuals when necessary

Allow lots of time - fatigue is the enemy

Do several short sessions

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88
Q

What are some deterrents in transcription?

3

A

Some sounds do not record well (fricatives & high frequency sounds)

Incomplete recognition

Efficiency goes down after 5-6 listens

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89
Q

Phonological Processes in dialect and speech sound development

A

x

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90
Q

​Fronting

A

Things are moved forward:

Velars & Palatals -> Alveolars

Alveolars -> Interdentals

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91
Q

Stopping

A

Changing fricatives and affricates into stops

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92
Q

Gliding

A

Turing liquids into glides

/w/ for /r/

/y/ for /l/

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93
Q

Reduplication

A

The second syllable is a repetition of the first.

This is usually done to fulfill the syllable requirement

“Bottle” becomes [ bɑbɑ]

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94
Q

Syllable Deletion

A

Usually performed on unstressed syllables

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95
Q

Cluster Reduction

A

Making the original word shape (CCVC) into something more simple (CVC)

Erasing vowels from a consonant group (cluster)

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96
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The branch of phonetics that deals with the acoustic properties of sounds

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97
Q

Resonance

A

Vocal energy that is strengthened at certain frequencies

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98
Q

Formants

A

The darker bars on a spectrogram that show resonances

We tend to look at first and second formants (F1 & F2)

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99
Q

Characteristic Patterns for Vowels

A

x

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100
Q

Manners of Articulation

A

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

Nasals

Glides

Liquids

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101
Q

Speech Perception

A

x

102
Q

Intensity

A

Measured in dB

Amplitude

103
Q

Duration

A

Measured in msec

Period

104
Q

Frequency

A

Measured in Hz

Cycles per second

105
Q

/i/

A

Please see the cheese freezes easily.

106
Q

/ɪ/

A

​It will still chill on the window sill.

107
Q

/e͞ɪ/ or /e/

A

​The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain.

108
Q

/ɛ/

A

Ned fed Ed the better bread instead.

109
Q

/æ/

A

The Cat in the Hat attacked the band of acrobats.

110
Q

/u/

A

​Who knew you’d choose the chartreuse shoes?

111
Q

/ʊ/

A

​He should’ve put up the hood, but it wouldn’t look good.

112
Q

/o͞ʊ/ or /o/

A

​Joe slowly rows the boat.

113
Q

/ɔ/

A

​Norma ordered oranges for Audrey*. *British pronunciation

114
Q

/ɑ/

A

​Ali Baba walked along the columns. (open, unrounded; ‘Western’ dialect)

115
Q

/a͞ʊ/

A

​How now brown cow?

116
Q

/ɑ͞ɪ/

A

​Try to hide your lying eyes.

117
Q

/ɔ͞ɪ/

A

​Enjoy avoiding the noisy boys from Eloy.

118
Q

/ʌ/

A

​Pucker up for buttercups.

119
Q

/ə/

A

​Rub-a-dub-dub, three men in a tub.

[rʌb-ə-dʌb-dʌb-θri-mεn-ən-ə-tʌb/

120
Q

/ɝ/

A

​Her bird learned first to hurry, then to work.

121
Q

Flap/tap / Ը /

A

Better buy the butter; we’ll get the ladder later.

122
Q

/ð/

A

​Heather then bathed in the soothing lather.

123
Q

/θ/

A

​Thelma thought of Theo through thick and thin.

124
Q

/ʒ/

A

​Zsa Zsa measured the treasure at her leisure.

125
Q

/ʃ/

A

​Trish and Cheryl shared the shoes with relish.

126
Q

/ʤ/

A

​George the judge jogged in the gym.

127
Q

/ʧ/

A

​Chelsea choose church over chores.

128
Q

/ŋ/

A

Bring the ring to the singer.

129
Q

1 2 3

A

Stress diacritics

130
Q

Stress Symbols are placed

A

Above phoneme

Above both nasal & lip symbols

131
Q

[ õ ]

A

Nazalized

Nasal Symbol

132
Q

[ o͊ ]

A

Nasal Emission

Nasal Symbol

133
Q

Crossed out Tilda

[~̷]

A

Denasalized

Nasal Symbol

134
Q

Nasal Symbols are placed…

A

Above the phoneme

Under Stress Symbols

Above Lip Symbols

135
Q

[ ỏ ]

A

Rounded Vowel

Lip Symbol

136
Q

[ o͑ ]

A

Unrounded Vowel

Lip Symbol

137
Q

[ oʷ ]

/ʷ/ should be directly above /o/

A

Labialized Consonant (Rounded)

Lip Symbol

138
Q

[ oͫ ]

A

Non-Labialized Consonant (Unrounded)

Lip Symbol

139
Q

[ o̽ ]

A

Inverted Lip

Lip Symbol

140
Q

Lip Symbols are placed…

A

Directed over the phoneme

Under both Stress & Nasal Symbols

141
Q

[ ᵊo ]

A

Onglide

142
Q

Onglide Symbols are placed…

A

In upper left corner of the phoneme

143
Q

[ oᵊ ]

A

Offglide Symbol

144
Q

Offglide Symbols are placed…

A

In the upper right hand corner of phoneme

145
Q

[ o ͪ ]

A

Aspirated

Stop Release Symbol

146
Q

[ o ̄̄ ]

A

Unaspirated

Stop Release Symbol

147
Q

[ o ̚ ]

A

Unreleased

Stop Release Symbol

148
Q

Transcription Troubleshooting

6

A

Try to imitate error

Listen 2-3 times then try to transcribe

Do the easiest sounds first

Go syllable by syllable

First phonemes then diacritics

First vowels then consonants

149
Q

[ o: ]

A

Lengthened

Timing Symbol

150
Q

[ o> ]

A

Shortened

Timing Symbol

151
Q

Timing Symbols are placed…

A

The the right of the phoneme

Before Juncture Symbols

152
Q

[ o+o ]

A

Open Juncture

Juncture Symbol

153
Q

[ oˌo ]

A

Internal Open Juncture

Juncture Symbol

154
Q

[ o↓]

A

Falling Terminal Juncture

Juncture Symbol

155
Q

[ o↑]

A

Rising Terminal Juncture

Juncture Symbol

156
Q

[ o→]

A

Check (or Held) Juncture

Juncture Symbol

157
Q

Juncture Symbols are placed….

A

To the right of phoneme

After Timing Symbols

158
Q

[ o̪ ]

A

Dentalized

Tongue Symbol

Sounds somewhere between /s/ and /θ/ or like a /t͡s/

159
Q

[ o̡ ]

A

Palatalized

Tongue Symbol

Sounds somewhere between /s/ and /ʃ/

160
Q

[ o̯ ]

A

Lateralized

Tongue Symbol

Sounds slushy & wet

161
Q

[ o̢ ]

A

Rhotacized

Retroflexed

Tongue Symbol

162
Q

[ o̰ ]

A

Velarized

Tongue Symbol

163
Q

[ o̱ ]

A

Centralized

Tongue Symbol

164
Q

[ o̙ ]

A

Retracted Tongue Body

Tongue Symbol

165
Q

[ o̘ ]

A

Advanced Tongue Body

Tongue Symbol

166
Q

[ o̝ ]

A

Raised Tongue Body

Tongue Symbol

167
Q

[ o̞ ]

A

Lowered Tongue Body

Tongue Symbol

168
Q

[ o͔ ]

A

Fronted

Tongue Symbol

169
Q

[ o͕ ]

A

Backed

Tongue Symbol

170
Q

[ o̮ ]

A

Derhotacized

Tongue Symbol

171
Q

Tongue Symbols are placed…

A

Under the phoneme

Above both Sound Source & Syllabic Symbols

172
Q

[ o̬ ]

A

Partially Voiced

Sound Source Symbol

173
Q

[ o̥ ]

A

Partially Devoiced

Sound Source Symbol

174
Q

[ ọ ]

A

Glottalized

Sound Source Symbol

175
Q

[ o̤ ]

A

Breathy

Sound Source Symbol

176
Q

[ o͓ ]

A

Frictionalized

Sound Source Symbol

177
Q

/|\

A

Whistled (Placed under phoneme)

Sound Source Symbol

178
Q

✓

A

Trilled (Placed under phoneme)

Sound Source Symbol

179
Q

Sound Source Symbols are placed…

A

Under the Phoneme

Under Tongue Symbols

Above Syllabic Symbols

180
Q

[ o̩ ]

A

Syllabic Consonant

Syllabic Symbol

181
Q

Syllabic Symbols are placed…

A

Below the phoneme

Below both Tongue & Sound Source Symbols

182
Q

[ t͡s ]

A

Synchronic Tie

183
Q

[ * ]

A

Unintelligible Symbol

184
Q

[ ԥ ]

A

Questionable Symbol

185
Q

Stop Release Symbols are placed…

A

In the right hand corner of phoneme

186
Q

Onglide

A

First phone of a diphthong

187
Q

Offglide

A

The second phone in a diphthong

188
Q

Articulation of /ɑ͞ɪ/

A

Low back vowel to mid-high front vowel

Unrounded

Tongue moves up then forward

189
Q

Articulation of /ɔ͞ɪ/

A

Mid-low back vowel to mid-high front vowel

Some rounding to no rounding

Tongue moves up and forward

190
Q

Articulation of /a͞ʊ/

A

Low central-ish vowel to mid-high back vowel

Lots of variation with this sound

191
Q

Vowel

A

A speech sound formed without a significant constriction in air flow

They are usually longer than consonants

192
Q

Consonant

A

Characterized by obstruction of the vocal tract

There is significant restriction in airflow

193
Q

Articulation of /i/

A

Most High

Most Fronted

Tense

Unrounded

194
Q

Articulation of /ɪ/

A

Mid-High

Front

Lax

Unrounded

195
Q

Articulation of /e/

A

Mid

Front

Tense

Unrounded

196
Q

Articulation of /e͞ɪ/

A

Moves from Mid to Mid-High

Front

Tense

Unrounded

197
Q

Articulation of /ɛ/

A

Mid-Low

Front

Lax

Unrounded

198
Q

Articulation of /æ/

A

Low

Front

Lax

Unrounded

199
Q

Articulation of /a/

A

Low

Front-Central

Lax

Unrounded

200
Q

Articulation for /u/

A

High

Back

Tense

Rounded

201
Q

Articulation for /ʊ/

A

Mid-High

Back

Lax

Rounded

202
Q

Articulation for /o͞ʊ/

A

Moves from Mid to Mid-High

Back

Rounded

Tense

203
Q

Articulation for /ɔ/

A

Mid-Low

Back

Tense

Rounded

204
Q

Articulation for /ɑ/

A

Low

Back

Lax

Unrounded

205
Q

Articulation for /p/

A

Bilabial

Stop

Voiceless

206
Q

Articulation for /b/

A

Bilabial

Stop

Voiced

207
Q

Articulation for /m/

A

Bilabial

Nasal

208
Q

Articulation for /w/

A

Bilabial - Velar

Glide

209
Q

Articulation for /f/

A

Labiodental

Fricative

Voiceless

210
Q

Articulation for /v/

A

Labiodental

Fricative

Voiced

211
Q

Articulation for /θ/

A

Interdental

Fricative

Voiceless

212
Q

Articulation for /ð/

A

Interdental

Fricative

Voiced

213
Q

Articulation for /l/

A

Alveolar

Liquid

214
Q

Articulation for /t/

A

Alveolar

Stop

Voiceless

215
Q

Articulation for /d/

A

Alveolar

Stop

Voiced

216
Q

Articulation for /s/

A

Alveolar

Fricative

Voiceless

217
Q

Articulation for /z/

A

Alveolar

Fricative

Voiced

218
Q

Articulation for /n/

A

Alveolar

Nasal

219
Q

Articulation for /ʃ/

A

Alveo-Palatal

Fricative

Voiceless

220
Q

Articulation for /ʧ/

A

Alveo-Palatal

Affricate

Voiceless

221
Q

Articulation for /ʒ/

A

Alveo-Palatal

Fricative

Voiced

222
Q

Articulation for /ʤ/

A

Alveo-Palatal

Affricate

Voiced

223
Q

Articulation for /j/

A

Palatal

Glide

224
Q

Articulation for /r/

A

Palatal

Liquid

225
Q

Articulation for /k/

A

Velar

Stop

Voiceless

226
Q

Articulation for /g/

A

Velar

Stop

Voiced

227
Q

Articulation for /ŋ/

A

Velar

Nasal

228
Q

Articulation for /h/

A

Glottal

Fricative

229
Q

Articulation for /ʔ/

A

Glottal

Stop

230
Q

Articulation for /ʀ/

A

Uvular

Trill

231
Q

Articulation for /ʁ/

A

Uvular

Fricative

Voiced

232
Q

Articulation for /ɥ/

A

Labio-Palatal

Approximant

233
Q

/ə/

A

“Schwa”

Mid

Central

Lax

Unrounded

Unstressed

234
Q

/ʌ/

A

Low-Mid

Back-Central

Lax

Unrounded

Stressed

235
Q

/ɚ/

A

Mid

Central

Rounded

Lax

Unstressed

236
Q

/ɝ/

A

Mid

Central

Rounded

Tense

Stressed

237
Q

/ɜ/

A

Mid

Central

Rounded

Tense

British Only

238
Q

Common Usage of Aspiration

A

Most common occurs after Voiceless Stops in English

This especially occurs at the beginning of words

239
Q

Common Usage of Unaspirated Stops

A

We are used to hearing unaspirated stops as their voiced counterparts

So [ p˭æt ] would be perceived as [ bæt ]

240
Q

Common Usage of Partial Devoicing

A

Liquids and Glides tend to be devoiced when they follow voiceless sounds

Sounds at the end of words tend to be devoiced

241
Q

Vowels before voiced consonants…

A

…tend to be lengthened

242
Q

Common Usage of Unreleased Consonants

A

Tends to occur at the ends of words

243
Q

Common Usage of Velarization

A

Occurs when /l/ is in word final position and comes after a back vowel (a.k.a., “dark /l/”)

244
Q

Common Usage of the Alveolar Flap (Flap D)

A

Occurs often when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels or between a vowel and a syllabic nasal or liquid

245
Q

Stop

A

Air is completely stopped for a brief point in time before it is quickly released

246
Q

Fricatives

A

Air is channeled through a narrow opening

247
Q

Affricates

A

Stop + Fricative

248
Q

Nasal

A

Air escapes out of the nasal cavity instead of the oral cavity

249
Q

Liquids

A

Vowel-like consonants

250
Q

Glides

A

Semi-vowels.

More constriction than a vowel but less than obstruents

251
Q

Final Consonant Deletion

A

Final consonant is omitted

252
Q

Vocalization

A

Liquids are turned into vowels

Phonetics Final (1 decks)

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