Phonetics Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Know the Vowel Quadrilateral
A
x
2
Q
Know Vowel Reduction Chart
A
x
3
Q
Know the Consonant Chart
A
x
4
Q
Know the Diacritics Chart
A
x
5
Q
What is a Phoneme?
A
The smallest variation in sound that changes word meaning
The smallest unit in sound that can distinguish between morphemes
6
Q
What is a Morpheme?
A
A group of sounds with a single meaning
“cat” = 1 morpheme
“cats” = 2 morphemes (“cat” + “s”)
7
Q
Vowel reduction
A
Vowels become minimized in everyday speech
Point Vowels moved towards mid vowels to /ə/ (especially in unstressed syllables)
Diphthongs move to monophthongs
8
Q
Diphthongs
A
A blending of two phones to produce a single phoneme
9
Q
Explain Monophthongization in dialects (or atypical speech in children or adults)
A
The offglide of the diphthong is omitted but the onglide is lengthened as a remnant of the original form
10
Q
What are Allophones?
A
A variation of a phoneme that does not change the meaning
11
Q
What is Complementary distribution?
A
Allophones that occur in a predictable manner according to the speaker
There is some kind of rule to their usage
12
Q
What is free variation?
A
Allophones that occur with no set pattern
Are usually used for emphasis
13
Q
Coarticulation
A
When a sound is produced differently due to the influence of other sounds in its phonetic context
An overlapping of adjacent articulations
Sounds are produced in different parts of the mouth: /ki/ vs. /kɔ/
14
Q
Assimilation
A
When a sound segment takes on characteristics of neighboring sounds
15
Q
Spreading
Shingling
A
Characteristics of one sound permeates nearby sounds - like a gas - coloring them
16
Q
Blending
Co-Production
A
The proximity of two words creates a fusion or hybrid sound
ASU turns into [ e͞ɪɛʃu ]
17
Q
Anticipatory Assimilation
A
When a sound is altered in anticipation of the sound to follow
input = [ ɪmpʊt ]
tenth = [ tɛn̪θ ]
18
Q
Retentive (Regressive) Assimilation
A
A sound that retains characteristics of the proceeding sound
me = [ mĩ ]
try = [ tr̥ɑ͞ɪ ]
19
Q
Broad vs. narrow transcription
A
Broad transcription is general detail, written in slashes, and is what you would find in the dictionary.
Narrow transcription is fine detail and written in brackets
20
Q
Phonetic transcription
A
Written in brackets
Narrow Transcription
Identifies allophones
21
Q
Phonemic transcription
A
Written in slashes
Broad transcription
Identifies phonemes
22
Q
Why do we need the IPA?
5
A
International Phonetic Alphabet
One sound per symbol
Sounds are written the same across languages
All sounds are pronounced
Provides linguistic consistancy
23
Q
Minimal contrast
Minimal pairs
A
Two morphemes that differ in only one phoneme
“pit” & “bit”
“mall” & “mill”
24
Q
3 systems of speech production
A
Respiratory
Laryngeal
Supralaryngeal
25
Parts of the Respiratory System
| 6
Lungs
Trachea
Ribcage
Abdomen
Air Passages
Thoracic Muscles
26
Role of the Respiratory System
Air Source
27
Parts of the Laryngeal System
| 2
Larynx
Vocal Folds
28
Role of the Laryngeal System
Sound Source
29
Parts of the Supralaryngeal System
| 1+3
Everything above the larynx
Three cavities:
Pharyngeal
Oral
Nasal
30
Role of the Supralaryngeal System
Sound Filter
31
What is Fundamental Frequency?
f₀
Rate of vocal fold vibration. Measured in Hz
High f₀ = high pitch, low f₀ = low pitch
The first formant
32
2-Way Scoring
Looking at one particular sound
Is it pronounced right or wrong?
33
5-Way Scoring
Looking at one sound
Is it right or wrong?
Deletions?
Substitutions?
Distortions?
Additions?
34
What is the High/Low characteristic of vowels?
Tongue height
Is Tongue high or low in the mouth?
35
What is the Front/Back characteristic of vowels?
Tongue advancement
Is Tongue moved forward or backward in the mouth?
36
What is the Rounded/Not Rounded characteristic of vowels?
Lips are either rounded or unrounded
37
What is the Tense/Lax characteristic of vowels?
Vowels are tense or lax
Gauged by either muscle tension or by duration
38
What is the Stressed/Unstressed characteristics of Central Vowels?
Stressed = /ʌ/ & /ɝ/
Unstressed = /ə/ & /ɚ/
39
What is the Rounded/Not Rounded characteristics of Central Vowels?
Rounded vowels carry some /r/ quality
/ɚ/ is not always rounded
40
What are the High Vowels?
/i/ & /ɪ/
/u/ & /ʊ/
41
What are the Low Vowels?
/æ/
/ɑ/
42
What are the Front Vowels?
/i/
/ɪ/
/e͞ɪ/
/ɛ/
/æ/
43
What are the Back Vowels?
/u/
/ʊ/
/o/ & /o͞ʊ/
/ɔ/
/ɑ/
44
What are the Rounded Vowels?
/u/
/ʊ/
/o/ & /o͞ʊ/
/ɔ/
/ɝ/
/ɚ/
45
What are the Not Rounded Vowels?
/i/
/ɪ/
/e/ & /e͞ɪ/
/ɛ/
/æ/
/ɑ/
/ʌ/
/ə/
46
What are the Tense Vowels?
/i/
/e/ & /e͞ɪ/
/u/
/o/ & /o͞ʊ/
/ɔ/
/ɑ/
47
What are the Lax Vowels?
/ɪ/
/ɛ/
/æ/
/ʊ/
/ʌ/
/ə/
/ɚ/
48
What are the Stressed Central Vowels?
/ʌ/
/ɝ/
49
What are the Unstressed Central Vowels?
/ə/
/ɚ/
50
What are the Rounded Central Vowels?
/ɝ/
/ɚ/
/ɜ/
51
What are the Not Rounded Central Vowels?
/ʌ/
/ə/
52
Obstruent
A sound formed with a complete or narrow constriction of the vocal tract
53
What Manners of Articulation are Obstruents?
Stops
Fricatives
Affricate
54
Sonorant
A speech sound with relatively free airflow through the vocal tract
55
What Manners of Articulation are Sonorants?
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
(Everything that is not an Obstruent!)
56
Strident
A speech sound characterized by an intense fricative noise
57
What Manners of Articulation are Stridents?
Fricatives
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/
/ʒ/
Sometimes....
/f/
/v/
58
Sibilant
A speech sound characterized by an intense, high frequency noice
59
What Phonemes are Sibilants?
Fricatives
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/
/ʒ/
60
Plosive
Stop consonant
61
Homorganic
Having the same PLACE of articulation
62
Homotypic
Having the same MANNER of articulation
63
Cognate
Sound with the same manner and place of articulation but who differ in voicing
64
Voice Onset Time
The interval between the articulation of a consonant and the onset of voicing
VOT is longer after voiceless stops than after voiced stops
65
Suprasegmentals
A phonetic effect that extends over more than one segment in an utterance
66
Paralinguistics
"Para" = beyond, beside
"Linguisic" = the actual word
The various nonverbal properties of speech that convey information about the speaker's emotion, attitude, and demeanor
67
Prosody
"The music of language"
The various properties of speech that go beyond segmental representation
68
Elements of Prosody
Stress
Rhythm
Intonation
Tone
Contrastive Stress
Etc.
69
Prosody: Stress
The degree of prominence associated with a particular syllable
Can be due to pitch, intensity, or duration
70
Prosody: Rhythm
The distribution of stress along the syllable chain
71
Prosody: Intonation
Patterns of pitch changes or speech melody
Patterns of stress
Cuing for breath units, phrases, clauses
72
Prosody: Tone
Can distinguish between questions (rising juncture), statements (falling juncture), lists of items (rising juncture until last), adjective patterns (rising and falling juncture), etc.
In some languages, like Chinese, tone can distinguish meaning of words
73
Prosody: Contrastive Stress
Distinguishes between...
New & given information
Contrasting items
Lexical meaning ("proJECT" vs. "PROject")
74
Syllable
Has an onset (beginning consonant) a rhyme (nucleus, vowel) and a coda (final consonant)
The onset and coda are optional. The rhyme is necessary!
75
Onset
Beginning consonant
76
Rhyme
Syllable nucleus
Usually a vowel, but can be a syllabic consonant
77
Nucleus
Vowels are usually the syllable nucleus
If not, there will be a syllabic consonant
Two vowel = two syllables (excepting diphthongs
78
Coda
Ending consonant
79
What is Prominence in Stressed Syllables?
The syllables with stronger stress
80
What is Sonority in Stressed Syllables?
The auditory force of a speech sound
81
Describe Juncture across word boundaries
Marks boundaries between words and/or clauses
Creates a sense of expectation
May be non-existant
82
Describe Assimilation across word boundaries
In conversational speech, words without junctures between them will begin to blend the coda of one word with the onset of another
83
Characteristics of Southern Dialects
Pen-Pin merger
Monophthongization of /ɑ͞ɪ/ to /ɑ:/
Raising the onglide of /a͞ʊ/ to /æ͞ʊ/ or even /æ:w/
Diphthongization or Triphthongization of traditional short front vowels. ( /æ/ becomes /æjə/, /ɛ/ becomes /ɛjə/, and /ɪ/ becomes /ɪjə/ )
84
Characteristics of Northern Cities Dialects
Raising & tensing of /æ/ toward /ɪə/ ( /kæt/ vs. /kɪət/ )
Fronting of /ɑ/ to /a/ (sometimes to almost /æ/ )
Lowering of /ɔ/ to /ɑ/ (There is no merger due to fronting of /ɑ/ )
Backing of /ɛ/ to /ə/ (Sometimes it lowers to /æ/ )
Backing of /ʌ/ to /ɔ/
Lowering and backing of /ɪ/ (but no pin-pen merger)
85
Characteristics of West Coast/California Dialects
Raising of /ɪ/ to /i/ when before /ŋ/
Raising & diphthongizing of /æ/ to /eə/ or /ɪə/ before nasal consonants
Lowering of /æ/ to /a/ in all other contexts
Fronting of /ʊ/ to /ʌ/
Fronting of /ʌ/ to /ɛ/
Lowering of /ɛ/ to /æ/
Raising of /ɑ/ to /ɔ/
Fronting of both /u/ and /o͞ʊ/
86
Functional Equivalence
Different transcriptions that basically mean the same thing
87
What are some aids & strategies in transcription?
| 7
Find a comfortable spot
Use headphones
Gloss if necessary
Use pencil
Use visuals when necessary
Allow lots of time - fatigue is the enemy
Do several short sessions
88
What are some deterrents in transcription?
| 3
Some sounds do not record well (fricatives & high frequency sounds)
Incomplete recognition
Efficiency goes down after 5-6 listens
89
Phonological Processes in dialect and speech sound development
x
90
Fronting
Things are moved forward:
Velars & Palatals -> Alveolars
Alveolars -> Interdentals
91
Stopping
Changing fricatives and affricates into stops
92
Gliding
Turing liquids into glides
/w/ for /r/
/y/ for /l/
93
Reduplication
The second syllable is a repetition of the first.
This is usually done to fulfill the syllable requirement
"Bottle" becomes [ bɑbɑ]
94
Syllable Deletion
Usually performed on unstressed syllables
95
Cluster Reduction
Making the original word shape (CCVC) into something more simple (CVC)
Erasing vowels from a consonant group (cluster)
96
Acoustic Phonetics
The branch of phonetics that deals with the acoustic properties of sounds
97
Resonance
Vocal energy that is strengthened at certain frequencies
98
Formants
The darker bars on a spectrogram that show resonances
We tend to look at first and second formants (F1 & F2)
99
Characteristic Patterns for Vowels
x
100
Manners of Articulation
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
101
Speech Perception
x
102
Intensity
Measured in dB
Amplitude
103
Duration
Measured in msec
Period
104
Frequency
Measured in Hz
Cycles per second
105
/i/
Please see the cheese freezes easily.
106
/ɪ/
It will still chill on the window sill.
107
/e͞ɪ/ or /e/
The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain.
108
/ɛ/
Ned fed Ed the better bread instead.
109
/æ/
The Cat in the Hat attacked the band of acrobats.
110
/u/
Who knew you’d choose the chartreuse shoes?
111
/ʊ/
He should’ve put up the hood, but it wouldn’t look good.
112
/o͞ʊ/ or /o/
Joe slowly rows the boat.
113
/ɔ/
Norma ordered oranges for Audrey*. *British pronunciation
114
/ɑ/
Ali Baba walked along the columns. (open, unrounded; ‘Western’ dialect)
115
/a͞ʊ/
How now brown cow?
116
/ɑ͞ɪ/
Try to hide your lying eyes.
117
/ɔ͞ɪ/
Enjoy avoiding the noisy boys from Eloy.
118
/ʌ/
Pucker up for buttercups.
119
/ə/
Rub-a-dub-dub, three men in a tub.
[rʌb-ə-dʌb-dʌb-θri-mεn-ən-ə-tʌb/
120
/ɝ/
Her bird learned first to hurry, then to work.
121
Flap/tap / Ը /
Better buy the butter; we’ll get the ladder later.
122
/ð/
Heather then bathed in the soothing lather.
123
/θ/
Thelma thought of Theo through thick and thin.
124
/ʒ/
Zsa Zsa measured the treasure at her leisure.
125
/ʃ/
Trish and Cheryl shared the shoes with relish.
126
/ʤ/
George the judge jogged in the gym.
127
/ʧ/
Chelsea choose church over chores.
128
/ŋ/
Bring the ring to the singer.
129
1 2 3
Stress diacritics
130
Stress Symbols are placed
Above phoneme
Above both nasal & lip symbols
131
[ õ ]
Nazalized
Nasal Symbol
132
[ o͊ ]
Nasal Emission
Nasal Symbol
133
Crossed out Tilda
[~̷]
Denasalized
Nasal Symbol
134
Nasal Symbols are placed...
Above the phoneme
Under Stress Symbols
Above Lip Symbols
135
[ ỏ ]
Rounded Vowel
Lip Symbol
136
[ o͑ ]
Unrounded Vowel
Lip Symbol
137
[ oʷ ]
| /ʷ/ should be directly above /o/
Labialized Consonant (Rounded)
Lip Symbol
138
[ oͫ ]
Non-Labialized Consonant (Unrounded)
Lip Symbol
139
[ o̽ ]
Inverted Lip
Lip Symbol
140
Lip Symbols are placed...
Directed over the phoneme
Under both Stress & Nasal Symbols
141
[ ᵊo ]
Onglide
142
Onglide Symbols are placed...
In upper left corner of the phoneme
143
[ oᵊ ]
Offglide Symbol
144
Offglide Symbols are placed...
In the upper right hand corner of phoneme
145
[ o ͪ ]
Aspirated
Stop Release Symbol
146
[ o ̄̄ ]
Unaspirated
Stop Release Symbol
147
[ o ̚ ]
Unreleased
Stop Release Symbol
148
Transcription Troubleshooting
| 6
Try to imitate error
Listen 2-3 times then try to transcribe
Do the easiest sounds first
Go syllable by syllable
First phonemes then diacritics
First vowels then consonants
149
[ o: ]
Lengthened
Timing Symbol
150
[ o> ]
Shortened
Timing Symbol
151
Timing Symbols are placed...
The the right of the phoneme
Before Juncture Symbols
152
[ o+o ]
Open Juncture
Juncture Symbol
153
[ oˌo ]
Internal Open Juncture
Juncture Symbol
154
[ o↓]
Falling Terminal Juncture
Juncture Symbol
155
[ o↑]
Rising Terminal Juncture
Juncture Symbol
156
[ o→]
Check (or Held) Juncture
Juncture Symbol
157
Juncture Symbols are placed....
To the right of phoneme
After Timing Symbols
158
[ o̪ ]
Dentalized
Tongue Symbol
Sounds somewhere between /s/ and /θ/ or like a /t͡s/
159
[ o̡ ]
Palatalized
Tongue Symbol
Sounds somewhere between /s/ and /ʃ/
160
[ o̯ ]
Lateralized
Tongue Symbol
Sounds slushy & wet
161
[ o̢ ]
Rhotacized
Retroflexed
Tongue Symbol
162
[ o̰ ]
Velarized
Tongue Symbol
163
[ o̱ ]
Centralized
Tongue Symbol
164
[ o̙ ]
Retracted Tongue Body
Tongue Symbol
165
[ o̘ ]
Advanced Tongue Body
Tongue Symbol
166
[ o̝ ]
Raised Tongue Body
Tongue Symbol
167
[ o̞ ]
Lowered Tongue Body
Tongue Symbol
168
[ o͔ ]
Fronted
Tongue Symbol
169
[ o͕ ]
Backed
Tongue Symbol
170
[ o̮ ]
Derhotacized
Tongue Symbol
171
Tongue Symbols are placed...
Under the phoneme
Above both Sound Source & Syllabic Symbols
172
[ o̬ ]
Partially Voiced
Sound Source Symbol
173
[ o̥ ]
Partially Devoiced
Sound Source Symbol
174
[ ọ ]
Glottalized
Sound Source Symbol
175
[ o̤ ]
Breathy
Sound Source Symbol
176
[ o͓ ]
Frictionalized
Sound Source Symbol
177
/|\
Whistled (Placed under phoneme)
Sound Source Symbol
178
✓
Trilled (Placed under phoneme)
Sound Source Symbol
179
Sound Source Symbols are placed...
Under the Phoneme
Under Tongue Symbols
Above Syllabic Symbols
180
[ o̩ ]
Syllabic Consonant
Syllabic Symbol
181
Syllabic Symbols are placed...
Below the phoneme
Below both Tongue & Sound Source Symbols
182
[ t͡s ]
Synchronic Tie
183
[ * ]
Unintelligible Symbol
184
[ ԥ ]
Questionable Symbol
185
Stop Release Symbols are placed...
In the right hand corner of phoneme
186
Onglide
First phone of a diphthong
187
Offglide
The second phone in a diphthong
188
Articulation of /ɑ͞ɪ/
Low back vowel to mid-high front vowel
Unrounded
Tongue moves up then forward
189
Articulation of /ɔ͞ɪ/
Mid-low back vowel to mid-high front vowel
Some rounding to no rounding
Tongue moves up and forward
190
Articulation of /a͞ʊ/
Low central-ish vowel to mid-high back vowel
Lots of variation with this sound
191
Vowel
A speech sound formed without a significant constriction in air flow
They are usually longer than consonants
192
Consonant
Characterized by obstruction of the vocal tract
| There is significant restriction in airflow
193
Articulation of /i/
Most High
Most Fronted
Tense
Unrounded
194
Articulation of /ɪ/
Mid-High
Front
Lax
Unrounded
195
Articulation of /e/
Mid
Front
Tense
Unrounded
196
Articulation of /e͞ɪ/
Moves from Mid to Mid-High
Front
Tense
Unrounded
197
Articulation of /ɛ/
Mid-Low
Front
Lax
Unrounded
198
Articulation of /æ/
Low
Front
Lax
Unrounded
199
Articulation of /a/
Low
Front-Central
Lax
Unrounded
200
Articulation for /u/
High
Back
Tense
Rounded
201
Articulation for /ʊ/
Mid-High
Back
Lax
Rounded
202
Articulation for /o͞ʊ/
Moves from Mid to Mid-High
Back
Rounded
Tense
203
Articulation for /ɔ/
Mid-Low
Back
Tense
Rounded
204
Articulation for /ɑ/
Low
Back
Lax
Unrounded
205
Articulation for /p/
Bilabial
Stop
Voiceless
206
Articulation for /b/
Bilabial
Stop
Voiced
207
Articulation for /m/
Bilabial
Nasal
208
Articulation for /w/
Bilabial - Velar
Glide
209
Articulation for /f/
Labiodental
Fricative
Voiceless
210
Articulation for /v/
Labiodental
Fricative
Voiced
211
Articulation for /θ/
Interdental
Fricative
Voiceless
212
Articulation for /ð/
Interdental
Fricative
Voiced
213
Articulation for /l/
Alveolar
Liquid
214
Articulation for /t/
Alveolar
Stop
Voiceless
215
Articulation for /d/
Alveolar
Stop
Voiced
216
Articulation for /s/
Alveolar
Fricative
Voiceless
217
Articulation for /z/
Alveolar
Fricative
Voiced
218
Articulation for /n/
Alveolar
Nasal
219
Articulation for /ʃ/
Alveo-Palatal
Fricative
Voiceless
220
Articulation for /ʧ/
Alveo-Palatal
Affricate
Voiceless
221
Articulation for /ʒ/
Alveo-Palatal
Fricative
Voiced
222
Articulation for /ʤ/
Alveo-Palatal
Affricate
Voiced
223
Articulation for /j/
Palatal
Glide
224
Articulation for /r/
Palatal
Liquid
225
Articulation for /k/
Velar
Stop
Voiceless
226
Articulation for /g/
Velar
Stop
Voiced
227
Articulation for /ŋ/
Velar
Nasal
228
Articulation for /h/
Glottal
Fricative
229
Articulation for /ʔ/
Glottal
Stop
230
Articulation for /ʀ/
Uvular
Trill
231
Articulation for /ʁ/
Uvular
Fricative
Voiced
232
Articulation for /ɥ/
Labio-Palatal
Approximant
233
/ə/
"Schwa"
Mid
Central
Lax
Unrounded
Unstressed
234
/ʌ/
Low-Mid
Back-Central
Lax
Unrounded
Stressed
235
/ɚ/
Mid
Central
Rounded
Lax
Unstressed
236
/ɝ/
Mid
Central
Rounded
Tense
Stressed
237
/ɜ/
Mid
Central
Rounded
Tense
British Only
238
Common Usage of Aspiration
Most common occurs after Voiceless Stops in English
This especially occurs at the beginning of words
239
Common Usage of Unaspirated Stops
We are used to hearing unaspirated stops as their voiced counterparts
So [ p˭æt ] would be perceived as [ bæt ]
240
Common Usage of Partial Devoicing
Liquids and Glides tend to be devoiced when they follow voiceless sounds
Sounds at the end of words tend to be devoiced
241
Vowels before voiced consonants...
...tend to be lengthened
242
Common Usage of Unreleased Consonants
Tends to occur at the ends of words
243
Common Usage of Velarization
Occurs when /l/ is in word final position and comes after a back vowel (a.k.a., "dark /l/")
244
Common Usage of the Alveolar Flap (Flap D)
Occurs often when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels or between a vowel and a syllabic nasal or liquid
245
Stop
Air is completely stopped for a brief point in time before it is quickly released
246
Fricatives
Air is channeled through a narrow opening
247
Affricates
Stop + Fricative
248
Nasal
Air escapes out of the nasal cavity instead of the oral cavity
249
Liquids
Vowel-like consonants
250
Glides
Semi-vowels.
More constriction than a vowel but less than obstruents
251
Final Consonant Deletion
Final consonant is omitted
252
Vocalization
Liquids are turned into vowels
