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phonetics > phonetics final > Flashcards

phonetics final Flashcards

1
Q

what is weak syllable deletion?

A

the target word has more than what the child says. It will include a vowel or a vowel and a consonant

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2
Q

What is final consonant deletion?

A

The omission of a final consonant at the end of the word.

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3
Q

the esch is a

A

voiceless palatal fricative

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4
Q

Can a schwa (upside down e) be reduced?

A

No. It is never stressed.

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5
Q

are rhoticized vowels quasi-dipthongs?

A

yes.

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6
Q

morphophonemic alteration

A

the shape of the phoneme of the morpheme varies from environment to environment

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7
Q

sibilants are _______and palatal fricatives are _________

A

alveolar

affricates

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8
Q

If a process becomes a stop, it is called

A

stopping

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9
Q

If a process becomes more of a back sound (palatal or velar) it is called

A

backing

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10
Q

If a process becomes a more front sound, it is called

A

fronting

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11
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Distinctive speech sounds.

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12
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of word formation

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13
Q

What is phonetics?

A

The study and description of the articulation of individual sounds.

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14
Q

Phonology

A

The study of how sounds are organized and used in a particular language.

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15
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.

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16
Q

What is an allophone?

A

An allophone is a variant of a phoneme. It changes in sound but doesn’t change the meaning.

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17
Q

How many vowels do syllables contain?

A

Only one!

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18
Q

What is an allomorph?

A

versions of a morpheme that only occurs in a particular environment (e.g., a dog vs. an apple or independent vs. impossible)

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19
Q

what are Diphthongs:?

A

smooth joining together of 2 vowels in the same syllable (One Sound) Tongue moves without interruption from one position to the next
Examples: buy, cow, boy

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20
Q

what are quasi-dipthongs?

A

Perceived as one sound and stay together in the same syllable but they are counted and transcribed as two sound (vowel + r)
are rhotacized
Examples: air, ear, are,

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21
Q

Describe rhotic vowels

A

Rhotic Vowels: er: in stress mid-central: hurt

er: in unstressed: baker

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22
Q

What is a minimal pair?

A

same number of sound, differ in only one sound and overall sound of the word has to be different

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23
Q

What are obstruents and what do they include?

A

Manner of articulation and includes: Stops, Fricatives and Affricates

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24
Q

What is a stop? Give examples.

A

two part sound; complete closure and quiet release /p,b,t,d,k,g/

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25
Q

What is a fricative? Give examples.

A

close approximation, turbulent airstream. Sound hissy or buzzy /f, v, theta, edth, s, z, sh, j/

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26
Q

What are affricates? Give examples.

A

they are two, both palatal. Complete closure (like stops) but release as a fricative. (chop and jump)

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27
Q

What are sonorants and what do they include?

A

Manner of articulation and includes: Nasals, Approximants (glides and liquids)

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28
Q

What is a syllable onset?

A

all of the consonants before the vowel

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29
Q

What is a syllable coda?

A

consonants that follow the vowel (e.g., plant)

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30
Q

What is assimilation?

A

when a sound changes to become more like the neighboring sound, there has to be something in the neighborhood to trigger the sound

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31
Q

Desrcibe this diacritic: “Dentalize”

A

alveolar consonants are produced as interdentals adjacent to an interdental ( alveolar consonants can be pronounced as labiodentals when adjacent to a labiodental)

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32
Q

Describe this diacritic:

Nasalized

A

Nazalized: anticipatory only includes sonorants. A vowel preceding a nasal is nasalized (produced within the velum open so much sound passes through mouth and nose) Does not includes obstruents!

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33
Q

Describe this diacritic:

syllabic

A

in unstressed syllables only, a reduced vowel plus sonorant C becomes a syllabic version of a consonant. It only affects l + n, sometimes m. All syllabic /l/ are velarized

34
Q

Describe this diacritic:

Labialized.

A

(rounded): a sound adjacent to a non-low back vowel (rounded vowel) will often be pronounced with rounding lips

35
Q

Describe “Bilabial.” Which consonants are bilabial?

A

two lips /p,m,b,w/

36
Q

Describe “interdental.”

A

Interdental: a type of sound that is produced with the tip of the tongue protruding slightly between the upper and lower teeth

37
Q

Describe “Alveolar.”

A

Alveolar: tip of tongue and ridge /d,s,z,t,n,l,tap)

38
Q

Describe “velar.”

A

Velar: a type of sound that is produced using the back of the tongue against the soft palate

39
Q

Describe “palatal”

A

Palatal: roof of mouth

40
Q

Where is the hard palate?

A

Hard Palate: the bony front part of the palate

41
Q

Where is the soft palate?

A

Soft Palate: the fleshy, flexible towards the back of the root of the mouth

42
Q

Where is the pharynx?

A

Pharynx: the cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls of the upper throat

43
Q

Where is the velum?

A

Velum: structure towards the back of the oral cavity that can be lowered to make nasal sounds.

44
Q

What is a stop?

A

a type of sound in which air flow through the mouth is briefly, but not completely, obstructed, and then noiselessly released

45
Q

What is an affricate?

A

obstruent, complete closure and release

46
Q

What is a fricative?

A

a type of sound in which the airflow is constricted so much that it becomes turbulent, leading to a hissy or buzzy sound

47
Q

Describe approximants and describe the 2 kinds we have.

A

They are onorants close to each other, no turbulence, voiced)

Glides ( in onsets)
/w/: voiced bilabial glide
/j/: voiced palatal glide
Liquids: (vowel like)
/l/: voiced alveolar lateral approximant
/r/: voiced palatal retroflex approximant

48
Q

What age is normal for weak syllable deletion?

A

Up to 4 years.

49
Q

What happens with weak syllable deletion? What does it affect?
Give examples

A

weak syllable deletion (normal till age 4)
Affects Unstressed syllables
Telefon: tefon
Dinosaur: daisor

50
Q

What is consonant cluster simplification and up to what age is it common?

A

common till 4

In stop + approximant clusters: loss of approximant
Example: /bl/ = b , /tr/ =t , /gr/ =g
- In fricative + stop cluster: loss of fricative
Example: /st/ =t, /sk/ =k, /sp/= p
- In fricative + Approximant cluster =could be either one
Example: /fl/, /fr/, /theta r/ = could be either one
- In fricative-stop approximant cluster= usually go to stops
Example: /spr/ /spl/ /str/ /skr/

51
Q

Describe reduplication.

A

) Reduplication: CV  CVCV (gone by 2:6)

Water—— wawa
Daddy —— dada
Donut —– dodo

52
Q

Describe diminuitization

A

5)Diminutivization: CVC  CVS + i
Bed: bedi
Dog; dogi

They put an “i” on the end of every word.

53
Q

in substitution processing, what is stopping ?

A

se of a non-english sound to approximate an english sound (off-target pronunciation) or use of an english sound for more than one target phoneme.

Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate.
Common under 3;6
/f,v/ = /p,b/
/theta, edth, s, z, sh, j, y, ch/ = /t,d/

54
Q

In substitution processing, what is fronting?

A 
Fronting: velars, palatals  alveolars 
/k,g/ = /t,d/
/engma/ =/n/
/sh/ = /s,z/
/ch/ =/ts/
55
Q

In substitution processing, what is fricative substitution?

A

Fricative substituitions: doesn’t follow any patterns
/theta or edth/ for /z,s/ or for /f,v/
/s, z/ for /sh/
/f, s, sh/ for /h/

56
Q

In substitution processing, what is gliding substitution?

A

) Gliding: very common, substitution of a glide for a liquid
/r/ = /w/ road – wod
/l/ = /w or j/
Only happens in onsets

57
Q

In substitution processing, what is deaffrication?

A

Deaffrication: substitution of a fricative for an affricate

Chip -> ship

58
Q

in substitution processing, what is vocalization?

A

6) Vocalization: a post-vocalic /l,r/ and /stressed rr or unstressed rr/
A post-vocalic liquid is pronounced as a non-rhotacized vowel
Baker: beke, beku, liro
Park: pauk, pok
Milk: miuk
Only happens in romes

59
Q

what sounds are made here:

bilabial

A

two lips /p,m,b,w/

60
Q

what sounds are made here?

velar

A

back of tongue and soft palate (Soft Palate = Velum) /k,g,engma/

61
Q

what sounds are made here?

labiodental

A

lower Lip, upper teeth /f, v/

62
Q

what sounds are made here?

palatal

A

center of tongue, hard palate /j, r, sh, ch, r, y,/

63
Q

what sounds are made here?

alveolar

A

tip of tongue, alveolar ridge / t, d, s, z, n, l, tap/

64
Q

What sounds are made here:

interdental

A

Blade of tongue, teeth /theta, edth/

65
Q

dotted I:

/i/

A

high front tense vowel

66
Q

small capital i:

/I/

A

high front tense vowel

67
Q

epsilon: (backwards 3)

A

mid front lax vowel

68
Q

Asch: (a and e hooked together)

A

low front vowel

69
Q

Plain u: (regular small u)

/u/

A

high back vowel

70
Q

Upsilon: (horseshoe “u”)

A

high back lax vowel

71
Q

Oh (/o/)

A

mid-high back tense vowel

72
Q

Open o (backwards c)

A

lower-mid back tense vowel

73
Q

Plain a: (the one that does NOT look like this font…aka. no little hat on the top!)

/a/

A

low back vowel

74
Q

hut (upside down “v”)

A

mid-cental stressed vowel

75
Q

schwa (upside down and backwards e)

A

mid-central unstressed vowel

76
Q

stressed rr (backwards 3 with a hook)

A

mid-central stressed rhotic vowel

77
Q

unstressed rr (backwards upside down e with a curly on the end)

A

mid-central unstressed rhotic vowel

78
Q

What is palatization?

A

the process in which an alveolar sound is pronounced as it was followed by a very short /j/ and as a palatal fue to being followed by a palatal sound

79
Q

When do you use dentalization?

A

alveolar consonants are pronounced as interdentals or labiodental, adjacent to an interdental (alveolar consonants can be pronounced as labiodentals when adjacent to a labiodental)

80
Q

When do you use nasalization?

A

A sonorant is pronounced with the velum open. A vowel preceding a nasal is nasalized (produced within the velum open so sound passes through nose and mouth)

phonetics (1 decks)

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