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phonetics final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is weak syllable deletion?

A

the target word has more than what the child says. It will include a vowel or a vowel and a consonant

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2
Q

What is final consonant deletion?

A

The omission of a final consonant at the end of the word.

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3
Q

the esch is a

A

voiceless palatal fricative

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4
Q

Can a schwa (upside down e) be reduced?

A

No. It is never stressed.

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5
Q

are rhoticized vowels quasi-dipthongs?

A

yes.

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6
Q

morphophonemic alteration

A

the shape of the phoneme of the morpheme varies from environment to environment

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7
Q

sibilants are _______and palatal fricatives are _________

A

alveolar

affricates

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8
Q

If a process becomes a stop, it is called

A

stopping

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9
Q

If a process becomes more of a back sound (palatal or velar) it is called

A

backing

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10
Q

If a process becomes a more front sound, it is called

A

fronting

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11
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Distinctive speech sounds.

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12
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of word formation

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13
Q

What is phonetics?

A

The study and description of the articulation of individual sounds.

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14
Q

Phonology

A

The study of how sounds are organized and used in a particular language.

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15
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.

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16
Q

What is an allophone?

A

An allophone is a variant of a phoneme. It changes in sound but doesn’t change the meaning.

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17
Q

How many vowels do syllables contain?

A

Only one!

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18
Q

What is an allomorph?

A

versions of a morpheme that only occurs in a particular environment (e.g., a dog vs. an apple or independent vs. impossible)

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19
Q

what are Diphthongs:?

A

smooth joining together of 2 vowels in the same syllable (One Sound) Tongue moves without interruption from one position to the next
Examples: buy, cow, boy

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20
Q

what are quasi-dipthongs?

A

Perceived as one sound and stay together in the same syllable but they are counted and transcribed as two sound (vowel + r)
are rhotacized
Examples: air, ear, are,

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21
Q

Describe rhotic vowels

A

Rhotic Vowels: er: in stress mid-central: hurt

er: in unstressed: baker

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22
Q

What is a minimal pair?

A

same number of sound, differ in only one sound and overall sound of the word has to be different

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23
Q

What are obstruents and what do they include?

A

Manner of articulation and includes: Stops, Fricatives and Affricates

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24
Q

What is a stop? Give examples.

A

two part sound; complete closure and quiet release /p,b,t,d,k,g/

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25
What is a fricative? Give examples.
close approximation, turbulent airstream. Sound hissy or buzzy /f, v, theta, edth, s, z, sh, j/
26
What are affricates? Give examples.
they are two, both palatal. Complete closure (like stops) but release as a fricative. (chop and jump)
27
What are sonorants and what do they include?
Manner of articulation and includes: Nasals, Approximants (glides and liquids)
28
What is a syllable onset?
all of the consonants before the vowel
29
What is a syllable coda?
consonants that follow the vowel (e.g., plant)
30
What is assimilation?
when a sound changes to become more like the neighboring sound, there has to be something in the neighborhood to trigger the sound
31
Desrcibe this diacritic: "Dentalize"
alveolar consonants are produced as interdentals adjacent to an interdental ( alveolar consonants can be pronounced as labiodentals when adjacent to a labiodental)
32
Describe this diacritic: | Nasalized
Nazalized: anticipatory only includes sonorants. A vowel preceding a nasal is nasalized (produced within the velum open so much sound passes through mouth and nose) Does not includes obstruents!
33
Describe this diacritic: | syllabic
in unstressed syllables only, a reduced vowel plus sonorant C becomes a syllabic version of a consonant. It only affects l + n, sometimes m. All syllabic /l/ are velarized
34
Describe this diacritic: | Labialized.
(rounded): a sound adjacent to a non-low back vowel (rounded vowel) will often be pronounced with rounding lips
35
Describe "Bilabial." Which consonants are bilabial?
two lips /p,m,b,w/
36
Describe "interdental."
Interdental: a type of sound that is produced with the tip of the tongue protruding slightly between the upper and lower teeth
37
Describe "Alveolar."
Alveolar: tip of tongue and ridge /d,s,z,t,n,l,tap)
38
Describe "velar."
Velar: a type of sound that is produced using the back of the tongue against the soft palate
39
Describe "palatal"
Palatal: roof of mouth
40
Where is the hard palate?
Hard Palate: the bony front part of the palate
41
Where is the soft palate?
Soft Palate: the fleshy, flexible towards the back of the root of the mouth
42
Where is the pharynx?
Pharynx: the cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls of the upper throat
43
Where is the velum?
Velum: structure towards the back of the oral cavity that can be lowered to make nasal sounds.
44
What is a stop?
a type of sound in which air flow through the mouth is briefly, but not completely, obstructed, and then noiselessly released
45
What is an affricate?
obstruent, complete closure and release
46
What is a fricative?
a type of sound in which the airflow is constricted so much that it becomes turbulent, leading to a hissy or buzzy sound
47
Describe approximants and describe the 2 kinds we have.
They are onorants close to each other, no turbulence, voiced) Glides ( in onsets) /w/: voiced bilabial glide /j/: voiced palatal glide Liquids: (vowel like) /l/: voiced alveolar lateral approximant /r/: voiced palatal retroflex approximant
48
What age is normal for weak syllable deletion?
Up to 4 years.
49
What happens with weak syllable deletion? What does it affect? Give examples
weak syllable deletion (normal till age 4) Affects Unstressed syllables Telefon: tefon Dinosaur: daisor
50
What is consonant cluster simplification and up to what age is it common?
common till 4 In stop + approximant clusters: loss of approximant Example: /bl/ = b , /tr/ =t , /gr/ =g - In fricative + stop cluster: loss of fricative Example: /st/ =t, /sk/ =k, /sp/= p - In fricative + Approximant cluster =could be either one Example: /fl/, /fr/, /theta r/ = could be either one - In fricative-stop approximant cluster= usually go to stops Example: /spr/ /spl/ /str/ /skr/
51
Describe reduplication.
) Reduplication: CV  CVCV (gone by 2:6) Water------ wawa Daddy ------ dada Donut ----- dodo
52
Describe diminuitization
5)Diminutivization: CVC  CVS + i Bed: bedi Dog; dogi They put an "i" on the end of every word.
53
in substitution processing, what is stopping ?
se of a non-english sound to approximate an english sound (off-target pronunciation) or use of an english sound for more than one target phoneme. Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate. Common under 3;6 /f,v/ = /p,b/ /theta, edth, s, z, sh, j, y, ch/ = /t,d/
54
In substitution processing, what is fronting?
``` Fronting: velars, palatals  alveolars /k,g/ = /t,d/ /engma/ =/n/ /sh/ = /s,z/ /ch/ =/ts/ ```
55
In substitution processing, what is fricative substitution?
Fricative substituitions: doesn’t follow any patterns /theta or edth/ for /z,s/ or for /f,v/ /s, z/ for /sh/ /f, s, sh/ for /h/
56
In substitution processing, what is gliding substitution?
) Gliding: very common, substitution of a glide for a liquid /r/ = /w/ road – wod /l/ = /w or j/ Only happens in onsets
57
In substitution processing, what is deaffrication?
Deaffrication: substitution of a fricative for an affricate | Chip -> ship
58
in substitution processing, what is vocalization?
6) Vocalization: a post-vocalic /l,r/ and /stressed rr or unstressed rr/ A post-vocalic liquid is pronounced as a non-rhotacized vowel Baker: beke, beku, liro Park: pauk, pok Milk: miuk Only happens in romes
59
what sounds are made here: bilabial
two lips /p,m,b,w/
60
what sounds are made here? | velar
back of tongue and soft palate (Soft Palate = Velum) /k,g,engma/
61
what sounds are made here? | labiodental
lower Lip, upper teeth /f, v/
62
what sounds are made here? | palatal
center of tongue, hard palate /j, r, sh, ch, r, y,/
63
what sounds are made here? | alveolar
tip of tongue, alveolar ridge / t, d, s, z, n, l, tap/
64
What sounds are made here: | interdental
Blade of tongue, teeth /theta, edth/
65
dotted I: /i/
high front tense vowel
66
small capital i: /I/
high front tense vowel
67
epsilon: (backwards 3)
mid front lax vowel
68
Asch: (a and e hooked together)
low front vowel
69
Plain u: (regular small u) /u/
high back vowel
70
Upsilon: (horseshoe "u")
high back lax vowel
71
Oh (/o/)
mid-high back tense vowel
72
Open o (backwards c)
lower-mid back tense vowel
73
Plain a: (the one that does NOT look like this font...aka. no little hat on the top!) /a/
low back vowel
74
hut (upside down "v")
mid-cental stressed vowel
75
schwa (upside down and backwards e)
mid-central unstressed vowel
76
stressed rr (backwards 3 with a hook)
mid-central stressed rhotic vowel
77
unstressed rr (backwards upside down e with a curly on the end)
mid-central unstressed rhotic vowel
78
What is palatization?
the process in which an alveolar sound is pronounced as it was followed by a very short /j/ and as a palatal fue to being followed by a palatal sound
79
When do you use dentalization?
alveolar consonants are pronounced as interdentals or labiodental, adjacent to an interdental (alveolar consonants can be pronounced as labiodentals when adjacent to a labiodental)
80
When do you use nasalization?
A sonorant is pronounced with the velum open. A vowel preceding a nasal is nasalized (produced within the velum open so sound passes through nose and mouth)

phonetics (1 decks)

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