Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPHP 110 > Phonetics Exam 3 > Flashcards

Phonetics Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a vowel.

A

Speech sound formed without significant constriction of oral/pharyngeal cavities and serves as a syllable nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Monopthongs?

A

Pure vowel; single unchanging sound quality. Most English vowels are these. One primary position in vocal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Diphthongs?

A

Gradual change in articulation; complex dynamic sound quality. Two distinct articulatory positions. Two vowels comprising one phoneme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In Diphthongs, what movement happens occurs in the tongue?

A

Tongue begins at appropriate production place for first element and then moves to second element in a continuous gliding motion . First element= “Onglide.” Second element= “Offglide”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In Diphthongs (specifically Offglide vs. Onglide), where is tongue position in the oral cavity?

A

Tongue rises in oral cavity for ALL English diphthongs, so offglide is always produced at a higher position than onglide. Offglides are always one of two vowels: /ʊ/ and /ɪ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are the tongue, jaw, and pharynx important in vowel production?

A

Tongue is a primary articulator.

Attached by muscles to the mandible, so changes in jaw position are also linked to vowel production.

As tongue changes position to produce indivdual vowels, the size and shape of the pharynx also change correspondingly

If the tongue DID produce a constriction in the vocal tract, a consonant phoneme would be produced, NOT a vowel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In Vowel Production, what is the basis of every vowels unique articulatory position and what happens when there is a change in that position?

A

Every vowel has a unique articulatory position based on combination of tongue height, tongue advancement, and lip rounding.

With each change of position there is a corresponding change in the resonance of the vocal tract. These changes in resonance give each vowel their unique quality and allow them to be recognized individually by listeners.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 factors of Vowel Classification?

A

Tongue Height

Tongue Advancement

Lip Rounding

Tense or Lax

The Vowel Quadrilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tongue Height

A

Vowel phonemes are categorized in relation to the position of the body of the tongue in the mouth during production

Tongue Height: how hight or low in the oral cavity during production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tongue Advancement

A

How far forward or back in the mouth the tongue is during production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lip Rounding

A

Vowels can also be classified as rounded or unrounded in production.

This relates to whether or not the lips are rounded (protruded) or unrounded (retracted) during the production

Compare “moon” to “mean”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tense or Lax

A

Vowels can also be classified as “tense” or “lax”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tense vowels

A

Tense vowels are usually longer in duration and require more muscle effort.

Tense vowels are capable of ending stressed open syllables (“he,” “too,” and first syllable of “purchase”). They also occur in closed syllables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lax Vowels

A

Lax vowels, on the other hand, never end a stressed open syllable–you would end up with NONSENSE! (Example: Say “him” and leave off the /m/. Do the same with “had” and “look”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Vowel Quadrilateral

A

Space represents an approximation of the oral cavity

A schematic of the oral cavity

Helps to explain tongue height and advancement

Tongue height: high, mid, low

Tongue advancement: front, central, back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Picture of Vowel Quadrilateral

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the Front Vowels in the Vowel Quadrilateral?

A

The Front Vowels are /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /æ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /i/ as in “he”?

A

Height: High

Advancement: Front

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ɪ/ as in “hid”?

A

Height: High

Advancement: Front

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the peculiarities of /ɪ/?

A

Sounds like /i/ but really is /ɪ/

Unstressed syllables ending in “y” (e.g. “happy” /hæpɪ/). Debateable: some insist /i/

“ing” (nasalization affects-not /i/) (e.g. “meeting” /mitɪŋ/

r-colored vowel often found before /r/, so becomes an r-colored vowel: vowel partially assumes the quality of the consonant /r/. Some call this a rhotic diphthong. (e.g., “hear” /hɪr/)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics in /e/ as in “vacation”?

A

Height: High-mid

Advancement: Front

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

/e/ is the Monopthong of the diphthong /eɪ/

A

It’s OK to transcribe as /eɪ/

The latter is the stressed form (also used at the end of words) and is longer in duration (onglide + offglide). It’s use varies with syllable context and regional pronunciation. These are considered to be allophones-represent the same sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ɛ/ as in “head” (called Epsilon)?

A

Height: Low-mid

Advancement: Front

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the peculiarities of /ɛ/?

A

Another example of an r-colored vowel

E.g., /ɛr/ as in “hair” /hɛr/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /æ/ as in “had” and “ash”?

A

Height: Low

Advancement: Front

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the pecularities of /æ/?

A

Nasality perception affects again: Used when used with /ŋ/

E.g., “rank” /ræŋk/ not /reɪŋk/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the Back Vowels in the Vowel Quadrilateral?

A

/u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ/, /ɑ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics in /u/ as in “who”?

A

Height: High

Advancement: Back

Lip Rounding: Rounded

Tense/Lax: Tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the pecularities of /u/?

A

Often preceded by the /j/ as in “you” /ju/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ʊ/ as in “book”?

A

Height: High

Advancement: Back

Lip Rounding; Rounded

Tense/Lax: Lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the peculiarities of /ʊ/?

A

r-colored vowel

e.g., /ʊr/ as in “tour” /tʊr/ or “Coors” /kʊrz/

32
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /o/?

A

Height: High-Mid

Advancement: Back

Lip Rounding: Rounded

Tense/Lax: Tense

33
Q

/o/ is the Monopthong of Diphthong /oʊ/

A

Diphthong used when stressed or at end of word, but compare bellow/below…

OK to transcribe as /oʊ/ for /o/.

34
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ɔ/ as in “awl” “caught”?

A

Height: Low-Mid

Advancement: Back

Lip Rounding: Rounded

Tense/Lax: Tense

35
Q

What are the pecularities of /ɔ/?

A

r-colored vowel “corn” “born” “foreign”

e.g., /ɔr/ as in “core” /kɔr/ and “four” /fɔr/

36
Q

What are the articulatory characterisitics of /ɑ/ as in “Hop”?

A

Height: Low

Advancement: Back

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Tense

37
Q

What are the peculiarities of /ɑ/?

A

r-colored vowel (bark, far, art)

e.g., /ɑr/ as in “car” /kɑr/ and “art” /ɑrt/

38
Q

What are the Central Vowels in the Vowel Quadrilateral?

A

/ə/, /ʌ/, /ɚ/, /ɝ/

39
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ə/ as in “above” “Laureen”?

A

Height: Mid

Advancement: Central

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Lax

40
Q

/ə/

A

Used in unstressed syllables.

Also known as the schwa

41
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ʌ/ as in “hub”?

A

Height: Low-Mid

Advancement: Back-Central

Lip Rounding: Retracted

Tense/Lax: Lax

42
Q

/ʌ/

A

Used in Stressed Syllables

Usually does not occur in open syllables except for “the”

Also known as “wedge” or “turned v”

43
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ɚ/ as in “further” “ruler”?

A

Height: Mid

Advancement: Central

Lip Rounding: Rounded

Tense/Lax: Lax

44
Q

/ɚ/

A

Used in unstressed syllables.

Also known as schwar

45
Q

What are the articulatory characteristics of /ɝ/ as in “Her”?

A

Height: Mid

Advancement: Central

Lip Rounding: Rounded

Tense/Lax: Tense

46
Q

/ɝ/

A

Used in Stressed Syllables

47
Q

Point Vowels

A

/i/, /u/, /æ/, /ɑ/

48
Q

r-colored vowels

A
  1. “lure” /lʊr/ ʊr
  2. “care” /kɛr/ ɛr
  3. “fear” /fɪr/ ɪr
  4. “bore” /bɔr/ ɔr
  5. “car” /kɑr/ ɑr
49
Q

Diphthongs

A
  1. “bye” /aɪ/
  2. “boy” /ɔɪ/
  3. “cow” /aʊ/
  4. “bay” /eɪ/
  5. “no” /oʊ/
  6. “cue” /ju/
50
Q

When it comes to classifying consonants, what are the two broadest categories of consonants?

A

Resonant (Sonorant) Consonants

Non Resonant (Obstruent) Consonants

51
Q

What is a Resonant (Sonorant) Consonant?

A

Vowel-Like (nasals, liquids, and glides). Resonance throughout entire vocal tract.

52
Q

What is a Non Resonant (Obstruent) consonants?

A

Minimal vocal resonance (stops, fricatives, affricates).

53
Q

What are the two types of Non Resonant (Obstruent) Consonants?

A

Voiced and Voiceless

54
Q

What are Voiced consonants?

A

Have two sound sources:

Obstruction AND vocal folds. Resonance is occuring at vocal folds and just anterior to obstruction. Source and Filter.

55
Q

What are Voiceless consonants?

A

The sound source is solely at point of constriction in vocal tract. No source!

56
Q

When it comes to classifying consonants, what are the four main features that we analyze?

A
  1. Pick features which help organize things by types.
  2. Classify things by + or - of having the feature.
  3. These are the distinctive features of the group/item
  4. Distinctive Features of Consonants
57
Q

When it comes to classifying consonants, what are the articulatory classifications of consonants?

A

Manner: how speech sounds are produced.

Place: where speech sounds are produced.

Voicing: whether or not the vocal folds vibrate.

58
Q

In reference to manner of articulation, what are stops?

A

Formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract.

Airflow is temporarily blocked.

Air pressure builds up behind the point of closure

Release produces a stop burst of plosive.

Velopharynx is closed in order for oral pressure to build.

Closing and opening movements are the fastest movements in speech.

59
Q

What are the Seven Stop Consonants?

A

/p/ “pop”

/b/ “bop”

/t/ “top”

/d/ “dip”

/k/ “keep”

/g/ “go”

/ʔ/ “mountain” “written” The glottal stop /ʔ/

60
Q

A Note about the Tap.

A

The Tap is used when the alveolar stop is “somewhere between” the voiced and voiceless stop.

Ex. “better” and “static”

This is an allophone of /t/ and /d/

A very rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge creating a very brief stop consonant.

61
Q

Nasals

A

Complete oral closure

Open velopharynx so voicing energy travels through nose.

Three Nasals:

/m/ “man”

/n/ “no”

/ŋ/ “ring”

62
Q

What are Fricatives?

A

A sound produced with a narrow constriction through which air escapes with a continous noise.

Articulators form the narrow constriction and air pressure builds up behind the constriction.

Velopharynx is closed.

63
Q

What are the nine fricative consonants?

A

/f/ “fan” /ð/ “this”

/v/ “van” /h/ “hat”

/s/ “sun”

/z/ “zip”

/ʃ/ “ship”

/ʒ/ “pleasure”

/θ/ “thin”

64
Q

What are Affricates?

A

Combination of stop closure and fricative.

Two Affricates:

/t͡ʃ / “chin”

/d͡ʒ/ “june”

65
Q

What are Liquids?

A

Vowel-like consonant with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels.

Two liquids:

/l/ “like”

/r/ “red”

66
Q

The Alveolar /l/ liquid

A

Produced with midline closure and lateral opening for sound.

67
Q

The Palatal /r/ liquid

A

Produced two primary ways:

tongue tip curled and held up

tongue base bunched up against palate/velum

68
Q

What are Glides?

A

Semivowels

Constriction of the vocal tract narrower than for vowels

Gliding motion from constriced to open

Always prevocalic

/w/ close to position for the /u/

/j/ close to position for the /i/

Two Glides: /w/ “wise” and /j/ “yes”

69
Q

Bilabials

A

/p/ “pop”

/b/ “bop”

/m/ “man”

/w/ “wise”

70
Q

Labiodentals

A

/f/ “fan”

/v/ “van”

71
Q

Lingua-Dentals

A

/θ/ “thin”

/ð/ “this”

72
Q

Lingua-Alveolars

A

/t/ “top”

/d/ “dip”

/s/ “sun”

/z/ “zip”

/n/ “no”

/l/ “like”

73
Q

Lingua-Palatal

A

/ʃ/ “ship”

/ʒ/ “pleasure”

/r/ “red”

/j/ “yes”

/t͡ʃ/ “chin”

/d͡ʒ/ “june”

74
Q

Velars

A

/k/ “keep”

/g/ “go”

/ŋ/ “ring”

75
Q

Glottal”

A

/ʔ/ “_ow!” “Hawa_ii”

/h/ “hat”

76
Q

Consonant Chart

A
77
Q

Cognate Pairs

A

Cognates have the same place of articlation and share the same manner.

/p/ and /b/ /ʃ/ and /ʒ/

/f/ and /v/ /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/

/θ/ and /ð/ /k/ and /g/

/t/ and /d/

/s/ and /z/

SPHP 110 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions