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CSCD Phonetics > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

Define phonetics

A

Study of speech emphasising description + classification of speech sounds according to production, transmission + perceptual features

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2
Q

Types of phonetics (3)

A

Articulatory, auditory and acoustics

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3
Q

Phonetics vs phonology

A

Phonetics: study of properties of sounds of human language

Phonology: study of sound system of particular language

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4
Q

Define phonemes

A

Smallest segments of sounds that are distinguished by their contrast (or change in meaning) in words in given language ⇒ abstract mental representations of ‘groups’ of sounds

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5
Q

Define phone

A

Speech sound with no reference to meaning or contrasting group - phonetic segments / features

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6
Q

Allophones

A

Variations within phoneme

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7
Q

Allographs

A

Letter or combo of letters representing 1 phoneme

E.g. f/ff/ph/gh

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8
Q

Consonant

A

Speech sound which is produced by - stopping, interrupting, diverting pr constricting airstream

3 features: voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation

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9
Q

Vowel

A

Relatively open unobstructed sound

Change size and shape of oral cavity to produce distinctive resonance features for each vowel sound

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10
Q

Diphthong

A

Combination of at least 2 simple vowels produced in 1 ongoing ballistic movement of tongue and mandible within nucleus of a syllable

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11
Q

/b/ - 3 features

A

Voiced bilabial plosive

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12
Q

/s/ - 3 features

A

Voiceless alveolar fricative

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13
Q

/m/ - 3 features

A

Voiced bilabial nasal

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14
Q

/w/ - 3 features

A

Voiced labial-velar approximant

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15
Q

/f/ - 3 features

A

Voiceless labiodental fricative

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16
Q

Voiced phonemes

A

all vowels
all diphthongs
consonants / b m w v ð z d l n ʒ ʤ ɹ g ŋ j /

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17
Q

Voiceless phonemes

A

consonants / p f θ s t ʃ tʃ k h ç ʔ /

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18
Q

Bilabial (3)

A

/p b m/

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19
Q

Labiodental (2)

A

/f v/

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20
Q

Dental (2)

A

/θ ð/

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21
Q

Alveolar (6)

A

/t d s z l n/

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22
Q

Palato-alveolar (4)

A

/ʃ ʒ tʃ ʤ/

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23
Q

Retroflex (1)

A

/ɹ/

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24
Q

Palatal (2)

A

/ç j/

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25
Q

Velar (3)

A

/k g ŋ/

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26
Q

Glottal (2)

A

/ʔ h/

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27
Q

Two-place articulation (labial velar) (1)

A

/w/

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28
Q

Plosive (stop) (7)

A

/p b t d k g ʔ/

29
Q

Nasal (3)

A

/m n ŋ/

30
Q

Fricative (10)

A

/ θ ð f v s z ʃ ʒ ç h/

31
Q

Approximant (glides) (3)

A

/w ɹ j/

32
Q

Lateral approximant (glide) (1)

A

/l/

33
Q

Affricates (combined manner) (2)

A

/ tʃ ʤ/

34
Q

Classification of vowels (4)

A
  1. How high is the tongue?
  2. Is the tongue fronted or more towards back of mouth?
  3. Are the lips rounded during the production of the vowel?
  4. How long or short is the vowel?
35
Q

Define schwa

A

Neutral vowel - occurs in unstressed syllables

Connected speech

36
Q

Linking r in au english

A

Words whose spelling ends with ‘r’ or ‘re’ = usually spoken in au english without /r/

Postvocalic: after vowel sound

Intervocalic: position between 2 vowels

37
Q

Citation form

A

When word is pronounced carefully as a single item

38
Q

Connected speech

A

Joining 2 or more words together in creation of an urterance

39
Q

Coarticulation

A

Overlapping of articulators during speech production

Lip shape of /s/ in sun v soon

40
Q

Assimilation

A

Process whereby phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighbouring sounds

Result of coarticulation

41
Q

Elision

A

Omission of phoneme during speech production

42
Q

Epenthesis

A

Addition of phonemes during speech production - between 2 vowels or 2 consonants

43
Q

Metathesis

A

2 adjacent phonemes are switched - result of slip of tongue, dialectical variation or speech disorder

44
Q

Vowel reduction

A

Full form of vowel is reduced to schwa

45
Q

Juncture

A

Way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech

46
Q

Open internal juncture

Vs

Closed internal juncture

A

Transitional pause between two syllables within same tone group

I scream

Vs

Two syllables in same tone group with no transitional pause between them

Icecream

47
Q

External juncture

A

Pause or break between tone groups (intonation contours)

48
Q

Tone group

A

Unit of pitch variation which has a noticeable end - signalled by change in pitch contour

End of pitch contour, longer syllables at end, pauses, syntactic boundaries and prosody

In writing = punctuation

49
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

Melody and rhythms of languages

Intonation, tone/pitch, stress and length

Rise or fall tones

50
Q

Stress

A

Amount of weight a syllable wears - strong or weak

Vertical mark ‘ above and to left of first phoneme that forms stressed syllable

51
Q

Phonological rules can do 5 things…

A
  1. Change feature values
  2. Add new features
  3. Delete segments
  4. Add segments
  5. Reorder segments
52
Q

Rule: half long vowels

A

When a vowel or diphthong occurs before a voiced consonant
- single dot or ‘ after V/D

Make [mæɪk] vs. made [mæɪdˑ]

53
Q

Rule: long vowels

A

When a vowel or diphthong are in open syllables (not closed by consonant = they are longer again)
- 2 dots or ‘’
[mɐːt] vs. [mɐːː]

54
Q

Rule: nasalisation

A

When vowels + diphthongs are followed by a nasal = they also become nasalised
- ~ above VD

[pæɪl] vs. [pæɪn]

55
Q

Rule: retraction before /l/

A

When vowels + diphthongs are followed by syllable final /l/ = produced further back in oral cavity than usual
- [ _ ]

[ten] vs. [tel]

56
Q

Allophonic rule: nasalisation

A

Vowels around nasal consonants

57
Q

Allophonic rule: lengthening

A

Vowels lengthen before voiced consonants

Cart vs card

58
Q

Allophonic rule: aspiration

A

Voiceless plosives are aspirated in SI position

59
Q

Common developmental problems

A

Final Consonant Deletion: tendency to leave syllable final sounds off → e.g. /hɐː/ for hard
Cluster Reduction: e.g. scream → /skiːm/ OR crash → /kæʃ/
Fronting: e.g. tar for car

60
Q

PR: plosives in English

A

A voiceless plosive is released as allophone w/ aspiration when it occurs in first position in a syllable [h]

Pie vs buy

61
Q

PR: unreleased plosives

A

plosives /p b t d k g/ are unreleased when:
[⌝] after plosive

a) Immediately followed by plosive
b) Occur at the end of a word, after a vowel + before a pause

Cap, caper, captain, step down

62
Q

PR: nasal position

A

When a plosive is followed immediately by a homorganic (same place of articulation) → syllabic nasal (release of air) may be through nasal plosion
[n]

Cotton, keep’em, wagging

63
Q

PR: lateral plosion

A

When a plosive is followed immediately by a homorganic (same place of articulation) syllabic /l/ → release of air
may be through lateral plosion
[l]

Noodle, capital, pedal

64
Q

PR: approximants in clusters can be voiceless

A

When approximants in clusters immediately follow aspirated voiceless plosives = become voiceless
[⚬]

Twin, tune, pram

65
Q

PR: velarised /l/ or dark /d/

A

When /l/ occurs after a vowel within a syllable = usually velarized → double contact of tongue tip w/ alveolar + back of tongue raises towards velum
[ɫ]

Feel, bowl, rail, aisle

66
Q

Phonotactics

A

Permissible combining and ordering of phonemes of a language

67
Q

Distributional constraints

A

Not all segments can appear in all places in a language

  1. Consonants cannot be nucleus + vowel cannot be onset/offset of a syllable
  2. Short vowels cannot appear in open syllables - CV or V
    - schwa exception bc unstressed
  3. /ŋ/ = cannot occur in SI position in eng → can in Maori (/ŋɐː/)
  4. /ʊ/ = never occurs in SI position in eng → /ʉː/ does so rarely
    - except some onomatopoeic expressions
68
Q

Combinational constraints

A

Not all segments can combine together

  1. No long vowels can precede /ŋ/ in eng
  2. /h, ʧ, ʤ, z + ð/ do not cluster SI
    - /w, j, l + r/ cannot be 1st element of cluster in eng (commonly 2nd element)
3. In 2-element SI clusters in eng:
Stop + liquid/glide → /pl, tr, bj/ etc
/s/ + [-voice] stop → /sp, st, sk/
/s/ + front nasal → /sm, sn/
[-voice] fricative, + glide → /fl, ɵr, sl/ etc
  1. Up to 3 consonants can cluster SI in eng → but in restricted combos
  2. Up to 5 consonants may cluster SF in eng → in less restricted combos than SI clusters ∴ rarer

CSCD Phonetics (1 decks)

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