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JCU > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

an accent

A

a distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class

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2
Q

a dialect

A

a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

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3
Q

The RP English Accent

A

Recieved Pronunciation

= regionally neutral middle class accent
= The Queen’s Eng, BBC Eng., Oxford Eng.
= no dialects
= clipped, precised tones
= shortening of vowels

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4
Q

fortis consonant definition

A

= “strong”
= pronounced with greater tension and airflow
= voiceless

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5
Q

lenis consonant definition

A

= “weak”
= produced with less muscular effort
= voiced

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6
Q

central mid lax vowel

A

/ə/

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7
Q

Open back vowel

A

/ɑ/ /ɒ/

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8
Q

Neutralized vowels

A

/i/ /u/

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9
Q

stress

A

relative strength of a syllable

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10
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another. Phonemes are abstract representations of sounds and are not the actual sounds themselves
= division of stream of sounds into segments

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11
Q

voiceless dental fricative consonant

A

/θ/

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12
Q

voiceless postalveolar fricative consonant

A

/ʃ/

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13
Q

plosive consonants

A

/p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /ɡ/

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14
Q

Place of Articulation

A

Where in the vocal tract a speech sound is produced. It describes the physical location where airflow is constricted or modified to create a particular sound.

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15
Q

affricate definition

A

a consonant sound that begins as a plosive (complete blockage of airflow) and transitions into a fricative (partial constriction of airflow)

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16
Q

lenis counterpart

A

the voiced version of a consonant sound that has a voiceless (fortis) counterpart.

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17
Q

Voiced velar nasal

A

/ŋ/

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18
Q

postalveloar aproximant

A

/r/

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19
Q

Approximant definition

A

The articulators come close together but do not create a turbulent airstream (unlike fricatives).

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20
Q

Fricative definition

A

Airflow is constricted, creating turbulence.

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21
Q

Voiceless definition

A

Produced without vibrating the vocal cords

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22
Q

Voiced definition

A

Produced when the vocal cords vibrate during articulation. This vibration occurs as air passes through the glottis, causing the vocal folds to come together and oscillate.

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23
Q

Dental definition

A

Tongue touches the upper teeth or is very close to them.

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24
Q

Central definition

A

Tongue is positioned centrally in the mouth.

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25
Q

Mid definition

A

Tongue height is halfway between high and low.

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26
Q

Lax definition

A

Produced with less muscular tension compared to tense vowels.

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27
Q

Unrounded definition

A

The lips are not rounded or pursed. Instead, they remain relaxed and neutral, or in some cases, spread

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28
Q

Rounded vowels

A

[u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ]

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29
Q

Postalveolar definition

A

Tongue is positioned just behind the alveolar ridge (the bony ridge behind the upper teeth).

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30
Q

Plosive definition

A

sound produced by completely blocking the airflow in the vocal tract and then releasing it suddenly, creating a burst of sound.

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31
Q

Rounded definiton

A

The lips are brought together and form a rounded, circular shape

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32
Q

Unrounded vowels

A

[i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ɑ], [ʌ], [ə]

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33
Q

Fricatives

A

/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

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34
Q

fortis consonants

A

/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/, /tʃ/

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35
Q

lenis consonants

A

/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /j/, /w/

36
Q

affricate consonants

A

/tʃ/ /dʒ/

37
Q

Velar definition

A

sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue (the dorsum) to the soft palate (the velum)

38
Q

Nasal definition

A

produced when the airflow is completely blocked in the oral cavity (mouth) but allowed to pass freely through the nasal cavity (nose)

39
Q

Velar consonants

A

/k/, /g/, /ŋ/

40
Q

Nasal consonants

A

/m/, /n/, /ŋ/

41
Q

Bilabial definition

A

Both lips come together.

42
Q

Bilabial consonants

A

/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/

43
Q

Labiodental definition

A

sounds are produced by using the lower lip and the upper teeth.

44
Q

Labiodental consonants

A

/f/, /v/

45
Q

Dental definition

A

The tongue touches the upper teeth.

46
Q

Dental consonants

A

/θ//ð/

47
Q

Alveolar definition

A

The tongue touches or approaches the alveolar ridge (just behind the upper teeth).

48
Q

Postalveolar consonants

A

/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/

49
Q

Alveolar consonants

A

/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/

50
Q

Retroflex (rare in English accents):

A

The tongue tip curls backward toward the palate.

51
Q

Retroflex (rare in English accents):

A

/ɹ/ (in some accents)

52
Q

Palatal definition

A

The tongue touches or approaches the hard palate.

53
Q

Palatal consonant

A

/j/

54
Q

Glottal defition

A

The sound is produced at the glottis (the space between the vocal cords).

55
Q

Glottal consonants

A

/h/

56
Q

The glottal stop

A

/ʔ/

produced by briefly closing the vocal cords (glottis) to completely block airflow, followed by a sudden release

57
Q

velum (soft palate) ADJ

A

velar

58
Q

hard palate ADJ

A

palatal

59
Q

alveolar ridge ADJ

A

alveolar

60
Q

teeth ADJ

A

dental

61
Q

lips ADJ

A

bilabial

62
Q

lips + teeth ADJ

A

labiodental

63
Q

vowels

A

no obstruction to the flow of the air

64
Q

… deals with sound production, describes sounds in a language

A

phonetics

65
Q

… deals with sound distribution, function in a language, abcstract side

A

phonology

66
Q

consonants

A

some kind of obstruction to the flow of the air

67
Q

cardinal vowels

A

[i], [e], [ɛ], [a], [ɑ], [ɔ], [o], [u]

68
Q

cardinal back vowels

A

[ɑ], [ɔ], [o], [u]

69
Q

cardinal front vowels

A

[i], [e], [ɛ], [a]

70
Q

cardinal vowels definition

A

the extreme positions of the tongue during articulation, used for comparing and describing vowels in any language.

71
Q

Manner of articulation

A

refers to how the airflow is modified as it passes through the vocal tract during the production of a consonant sound. It describes the interaction between the articulators (such as the tongue, lips, or teeth) and the airflow, determining whether the sound is a stop, fricative, nasal, etc.

72
Q

English diphtongs definition

A

A single, complex vowel sound formed by gliding between two positions. Length similar to long vowels. The first part is much longer and stronger than the second part.

73
Q

Centring diphtongs definition

A

Glide towards the ə vowel, 3

74
Q

Centring diphtongs

A

[ɪə], [eə], [ʊə]

75
Q

English diphtongs

A

[ɪə], [eə], [ʊə], [eɪ], [aɪ], [ɔɪ], [aʊ], [əʊ]

76
Q

Closing diphtongs definition

A

Glide towards the ɪ vowel (3)
Glide towards the ʊ vowel (2)

77
Q

Closing diphtongs

A

[eɪ], [aɪ], [ɔɪ], [aʊ], [əʊ]

78
Q

English triphtongs definition

A

Closing diphthongs + ə (3+2)

79
Q

English triphtongs

A

[eɪə] [aɪə] [ɔɪə] [aʊə] [əʊə]

80
Q

voiced phonemes

A

b d g v ð z ʒ dʒ m n ŋ w j l + /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ə/ /e/ /ɒ/ /ʌ/ /æ/ /i:/, /ɑ:/,/ɔ:/ /ɜ:/ /u:/

81
Q

voiceless phonemes

A

p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ

82
Q

phonemic system

A

the set of phonemes used in a particular language to distinguish meaning between words

83
Q

allophones

A

variations of a phoneme that occur in different contexts but do not change the meaning of a word

e.g. [p] in “spin” and [pʰ] in “pin” are allophones of the phoneme /p/

84
Q

Phonemic transcription

A

indicates the phonemes only

85
Q

Allophonic (phonetic) transcription

A

indicates the qualities of allophones

86
Q

What influences the pronunciation of a plosive consonant in a medial position?

A

the stress of the preceding / following syllables

JCU (6 decks)

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