Phonetics Flashcards
What is phonetics?
- The study of the sounds of speech as physical events
- The systemic study of the sounds of speech, which is physically and directly observable
What is phonology?
The study of how sounds function in language
What airstream do we use for speech?
Pulmonic Egressive Airstream
from lungs to lips
- Respiratory region (lungs and diaphram)
- Laryngeal region (larynx)
- Articulatory region (mouth and nose)
The vocal folds vibrating (opening and closing) means what?
voicing
what is the glottis?
its the space between the vocal folds.
which form of phonetic study involves measuring and analysing images of speech movements?
articulatory phonetics
which form of phonetic syudy involves mesuring and analysing the waveforms and soectrograms of speech production?
Acoustic phonetics
which form of phonetic study involves measuring and analysing the perception of speech sounds?
Auditory phontics
what is the study of the system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages.
phonology
What is the study of sounds of speech as physical events.
phonetics
Phonetics allows the use of a sound-based alphabet to represent speech sounds (called transcription). true or false
TRUE
The Speech Production Mechanism starts where?
the lungs
The upper respiratory system is divided into what?
- the oral cavity
- the nasal cavity
the pharynx (back wall) is split into 3 parts.
- naso-pharynx
- oro-pharynx
- laryngo-pharynx
name of the opening between the nasal and oral cavities?
velopharyngeal port
production of speech =
articulation
parts of speech production mechanism that create articulations =
articulators
What is the name for sounds made with the sides of the tongue?
Lateral
The following sounds (t, s, n, d, z) are produced with tongue contact at the same place in the mouth, what is it called?
alveolar ridge
What is the name of the small part of the oral cavity that hangs down from the soft palate?
uvula
What is the main articulator in speech production?
the tongue
The teeth are involved in the production of which sounds?
f v
What is the name of the place of articulation for the sounds /f/ and /v/?
labio-dental
When a sound is articulated using the two lips it is called what?
bilabial sound
Two sounds in English are made at the glottal place of articulation, these are?
‘h’ in house and the glottal stop
The following sounds are all made at which place of articulation: /r/ /l/ /s/ /z/ /t/ /d/?
alveolar
The sound /j/ is made at what place of articulation?
palatal
What is the name used for sounds that are made with turbulent airflow?
Fricatives
What type of sounds are made with the articulators in complete contact?
Plosives and Nasals
What manner of articulation are the sounds /f/ and /s/?
Fricatives
What is the difference between /d/ and /n/?
one is a plosive, one is nasal
What type of sound is /j/?
approximant
lips
- Tissue, blood vessels, glands, nerves and muscle
- Complex structureLarge number of muscles
- Many different settings in speech/expression
- Lower lip more mobile and bigger than upper
What speech sounds use the lips?
BILABIAL
teeth
Upper and Lower sets
What speech sounds use the teeth?
LABIO-DENTALDENTAL
Alveolar Ridge
- Section of roof of mouth- Extension of the jaw. One at the bottom and the top. We are interested in the top one.
What speech sounds use the alveolar ridge?
ALVEOLAR
Hard Palate
- Combination of bones on roof of mouth- Extension of the jaw. One at the bottom and the top. We are interested in the top one.
What speech sounds use the hard palate?
PALATAL
Soft Palate
Back of palatal bone (also known as VELUM)
What speech sounds use the soft palate?
VELAR
Uvula
Extension of the soft palate
What speech sounds use the uvula?
UVULAR
Pharynx
Back wall
Glottis
vocal folds
TONGUE
Main articulator of speech
What speech sounds use the tongue?
dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular (and more)
Place of articulation: Bilabial =
both lips
Place of articulation: labio-dental =
lower lips + upper teeth
Place of articulation: Dental =
upper teeth + tongue
Place of articulation: Alveolar
alveolar ridge + tongue
Place of articulation: Post-alveolar =
post alveolar ridge + tongue
Place of articulation: retroflex =
tongue + hard palate
Place of articulation: palatal =
tongue + hard palate
Place of articulation: velar =
tongue + soft palate
Place of articulation: uvular =
tongue + uvula
Place of articulation: Pharyngeal
tongue + pharyx
Place of articulation: Glottal =
vocal folds
- Articulators come together- Complete closure of air in oral cavity (voicing or not)- Quick release = burst of airflow- Velopharyngeal port closed (velum raised)what does this describe?
Plosive sounds (p) (b) (t) (d)
- Complete closure of air in oral cavity for V short amount of time (short plosive)- Velopharyngeal port CLOSED (velum raised)
tap sounds
- Complete closure of air in oral cavity for V short BUT repeated amount of time.- Velopharyngeal port CLOSED (velum raised)
trill sounds
- Complete closure of air in oral cavity- Air released through nose initially, then mouthVelopharyngeal port OPEN (velum lowered)
nasal sounds (m) (n)
- Articulators are very close together- Air sounds turbulent (friction between articulators)- Grooved or central (tongue shape)
FRICATIVES [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z]
Sounds with a less narrow gap between articulators
APPROXIMANTS [j]
Sounds with a narrow gap between articulators
fricatives
Articulators are close togetherAir NOT turbulent
APPROXIMANTS [j]
Sounds with a combination of plosive + fricative (same place of articulation)
affricates
Complete closure of plosive Release as fricative
AFFRICATES
OBSTRUENTS
- Air pressure change
- Noise created in oral cavity
- Velum raised (velopharyngeal port closed)
PLOSIVES, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES
SONORANTS
- No air pressure change
- No production of noise in oral cavity
- Always voiced
APPROXIMANTS, NASALS
The vowel space sits underneath what parts of the mouth?
hard palate and velum
The 8 reference vowels defined by Daniel Jones are called?
The Cardinal Vowel System
What is the term used to describe the height of the tongue in the vowels: /i/ and /u/?
Close
What articulators are involved in vowel production?
tongue and velum
Where about in the vowel space is the tongue for the vowels /a/ /e/ and /i/?
front
monophthong
tongue stays still
diphthong
tongue moves across oral cavity
The vowels /i u e a o/ can all be referred to as?
Primary Cardinal Vowels
Ladefoged analysed X-rays of the vowel production of the primary cardinal vowels and found that the front vowels were produced equidistantly, what did he find out about the back vowels?
The tongue is at the same height for Cardinal vowels 6 & 7
A diphthong can be described as?
a constantly changing vowel where the beginning and the end are different
A monophthong can be described as?
a vowel of constant quality, unchanging
What are the three types of lip position in vowel production?
spread, neutral and rounded
what voice quality has been described as the vocal folds flapping in the breeze?
Breathy voice
During voicing, what happens to the vocal folds when air accelerates through the open glottis?
they get sucked together
What is the physical property of pitch?
vocal fold vibrations
What is the name of the theory of voice production?
aerodynamic theory of myoelasticity
What is the average fundemental frequency for a male speaker?
120hz
What is the name of the airstream used to produce vowels and consonants in English?
Pulmonic
What airstream mechanism is used for the production of voiced implosive?
Glottalic
What manners of articulation can be produced as ejectives?
plosives, fricatives, affricates
What is the initiator in the production of the clicks?
tongue
What direction does the air flow in the production of clicks?
inwards/ingressive
what is the nane of the opening between the oral and nasal cavities?
velopharyngeal port
two sounds in english are made at the glottal place of articulation- what are they?
/glottal plosive stop/ and /h/
what manner of articulation is described as ‘narrow constriction’?
fricative
in the production of lateral sounds, are the tongue sides raised or lowered?
lowered
what manners of sounds are produced with complete closure in the oral cavity?
plosive
egressive speech sounds =
Ejectives
how to produce an ejective?
- Close the glottis (coughing?)
- Make the air-filled space smaller (move larynx upwards)
- Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, alveolar, palatal, velar)
speech sounds =
implosive (they are ingressive)
how to produce an implosive
- Close the glottis (coughing?)
- Make the air-filled space BIGGER (move larynx DOWNwards)
- Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, alveolar, palatal, velar)
larynx moves DOWN implossive sounds
ingressive glottalic mechanism
larynx moves UP ejective sounds
egressive glottalic mechanism
velaric airsteam mechanism
velaric = refers to air from the oral cavity (from velar closure forward) tongue = initiator
velaric ingressive airstream: Clicks
- Raise tongue dorsum to velum (closing oral cavity)
- Make the air-filled space bigger (move tongue DOWN and BACK)
- Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, dental. alveolar, post alveolar) This allows a closed tube (1 closure at velum, 1 in front of oral cavity)
bilabial click
similar to kissing (lips are not rounded though), more like [p]
Dental Click
‘tut-tut’, ‘tsk-tsk’
Lateral Click
Encouraging horse to speed up
Alveolar Lateral Click
tsk tsk
Palatoalveolar Click
clip clop
When the glottis is closed, the larynx is raised and there is a closure in the oral cavity, what type of sound is produced when that oral closure is released?
ejective
What happens to the air pressure in the oral cavity when the larynx is raised?
Pressure increases
In the glottalic airstream mechanism, what acts as the initiator?
the larynx
What is the name of the sounds produced using both the pulmonic and the glottalic airstream?
voiced implosives
What manners of articulation can be made as ejectives?
Plosives, fricatives and affricates
What is the name of the airstream used to produce vowels and consonants in English?
The Pulmonic Airstream
What way does the larynx move to produce implosive sounds?
down
How much air exists between the closed glottis and the lips?
100cm3
What is the initiator used in the velaric airstream mechanism?
the tongue
Where is the back closure of the oral cavity in the velaric airstream mechanism?
Velum
Clicks can be made in what places of articulation?
Alveolar, velar and bilabial
What direction does the air flow in the production of clicks?
Ingressive
What direction does the front of the tongue move in the production of clicks?
down and back
What happens to the air pressure between the back and front constriction when the tongue is pulled back and down?
drops
The vowel space sits under what parts of the oral cavity?
palatal and velar
the 8 reference vowels initially defiened by daniel jones are called what?
primary cardinal vowels
what is the term used to describe the height of the vowels /j/ and /u/?
close/high
the articulators are involved in vowel production?
tongue and lips
The term ‘jitter’ is used to describe fluctuations in what aspect of speech production?
Pitch
What is the term used to describe the closing of the vocal folds in phonation?
Adduction
The term ‘shimmer’ refers to fluctuations in which aspect of speech production?
Loudness
What is the name of the theory of voice production?
Aerodynamic Myoelastic
What would be an average fundamental frequency for a male speaker?
120Hz
What are the two main types of phonation?
voice and voiceless
In the Bernoulli effect, what happens to a gas/liguid when it flows through a narrow opening?
It speeds up and pressure drops
What 3 things can affect the pitch of a speakers voice?
- sub-glottal pressure
- mass
- tension
When happens to the vocal folds when air accelerates through the open glottis?
They are sucked together
What is the term used to describe the pitch of a speaker’s voice?
fundamental frequency
voice is what type of phonation
repetition of oppening (abduction) and closing (adduction) (vibration) of the vocal folds
how does the repition of opening and closing (vibration) of the vocal folds happen?
Aerodynamic Myoelastic Theory of Phonation
Aerodynamic myoelastic theory of phonation
- closed glottis
- vocal folds subjected to pressure
- vocal folds abduct
- subject to bernoulli effect
- vocal folds adduct
- back to closed glottis
what is the bernoulli effect
- gas/liquid flowing through narrow space accelerates
- faster flow=drop in pressure
- drop in pressure creates suction (rarefaction)
the bernoulli effect in speech
- gas/liquid flowing through narrow space accelerates
- pulmonic air through glotis
- faster flow=drop in pressure
- faster air in glottis - drop in pressure creates suction (rarefaction)
- vocal folds close
how do the vocal folds close?
myoelasticity
in the voice phonation type the vocal folds can open and close how many times per second?
80-500 times per second
the breath phonation type
- more air escapes through vocal folds
- vocal folds may vibrate without closing
the creak phonation type
- vocal fry/laryngealisation
- the vocal folds are strongly adducted: thickening of vocal folds open at front end
- low freaquency crackeling sound: 25-50Hz
the whisper phonation type
