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Clinical Phonetics and Phonology > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonetics?

A
  • The study of the sounds of speech as physical events
  • The systemic study of the sounds of speech, which is physically and directly observable
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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

The study of how sounds function in language

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3
Q

What airstream do we use for speech?

A

Pulmonic Egressive Airstream

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4
Q

from lungs to lips

A
  • Respiratory region (lungs and diaphram)
  • Laryngeal region (larynx)
  • Articulatory region (mouth and nose)
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5
Q

The vocal folds vibrating (opening and closing) means what?

A

voicing

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6
Q

what is the glottis?

A

its the space between the vocal folds.

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7
Q

which form of phonetic study involves measuring and analysing images of speech movements?

A

articulatory phonetics

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8
Q

which form of phonetic syudy involves mesuring and analysing the waveforms and soectrograms of speech production?

A

Acoustic phonetics

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9
Q

which form of phonetic study involves measuring and analysing the perception of speech sounds?

A

Auditory phontics

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10
Q

what is the study of the system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages.

A

phonology

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11
Q

What is the study of sounds of speech as physical events.

A

phonetics

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12
Q

Phonetics allows the use of a sound-based alphabet to represent speech sounds (called transcription). true or false

A

TRUE

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13
Q

The Speech Production Mechanism starts where?

A

the lungs

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14
Q

The upper respiratory system is divided into what?

A
  • the oral cavity
  • the nasal cavity
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15
Q

the pharynx (back wall) is split into 3 parts.

A
  • naso-pharynx
  • oro-pharynx
  • laryngo-pharynx
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16
Q

name of the opening between the nasal and oral cavities?

A

velopharyngeal port

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17
Q

production of speech =

A

articulation

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18
Q

parts of speech production mechanism that create articulations =

A

articulators

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19
Q

What is the name for sounds made with the sides of the tongue?

A

Lateral

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20
Q

The following sounds (t, s, n, d, z) are produced with tongue contact at the same place in the mouth, what is it called?

A

alveolar ridge

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21
Q

What is the name of the small part of the oral cavity that hangs down from the soft palate?

A

uvula

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22
Q

What is the main articulator in speech production?

A

the tongue

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23
Q

The teeth are involved in the production of which sounds?

A

f v

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24
Q

What is the name of the place of articulation for the sounds /f/ and /v/?

A

labio-dental

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25
Q

When a sound is articulated using the two lips it is called what?

A

bilabial sound

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26
Q

Two sounds in English are made at the glottal place of articulation, these are?

A

‘h’ in house and the glottal stop

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27
Q

The following sounds are all made at which place of articulation: /r/ /l/ /s/ /z/ /t/ /d/?

A

alveolar

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28
Q

The sound /j/ is made at what place of articulation?

A

palatal

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29
Q

What is the name used for sounds that are made with turbulent airflow?

A

Fricatives

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30
Q

What type of sounds are made with the articulators in complete contact?

A

Plosives and Nasals

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31
Q

What manner of articulation are the sounds /f/ and /s/?

A

Fricatives

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32
Q

What is the difference between /d/ and /n/?

A

one is a plosive, one is nasal

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33
Q

What type of sound is /j/?

A

approximant

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34
Q

lips

A
  • Tissue, blood vessels, glands, nerves and muscle
  • Complex structureLarge number of muscles
  • Many different settings in speech/expression
  • Lower lip more mobile and bigger than upper
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35
Q

What speech sounds use the lips?

A

BILABIAL

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36
Q

teeth

A

Upper and Lower sets

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37
Q

What speech sounds use the teeth?

A

LABIO-DENTALDENTAL

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38
Q

Alveolar Ridge

A
  • Section of roof of mouth- Extension of the jaw. One at the bottom and the top. We are interested in the top one.
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39
Q

What speech sounds use the alveolar ridge?

A

ALVEOLAR

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40
Q

Hard Palate

A
  • Combination of bones on roof of mouth- Extension of the jaw. One at the bottom and the top. We are interested in the top one.
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41
Q

What speech sounds use the hard palate?

A

PALATAL

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42
Q

Soft Palate

A

Back of palatal bone (also known as VELUM)

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43
Q

What speech sounds use the soft palate?

A

VELAR

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44
Q

Uvula

A

Extension of the soft palate

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45
Q

What speech sounds use the uvula?

A

UVULAR

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46
Q

Pharynx

A

Back wall

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47
Q

Glottis

A

vocal folds

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48
Q

TONGUE

A

Main articulator of speech

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49
Q

What speech sounds use the tongue?

A

dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular (and more)

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50
Q

Place of articulation: Bilabial =

A

both lips

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51
Q

Place of articulation: labio-dental =

A

lower lips + upper teeth

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52
Q

Place of articulation: Dental =

A

upper teeth + tongue

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53
Q

Place of articulation: Alveolar

A

alveolar ridge + tongue

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54
Q

Place of articulation: Post-alveolar =

A

post alveolar ridge + tongue

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55
Q

Place of articulation: retroflex =

A

tongue + hard palate

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56
Q

Place of articulation: palatal =

A

tongue + hard palate

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57
Q

Place of articulation: velar =

A

tongue + soft palate

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58
Q

Place of articulation: uvular =

A

tongue + uvula

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59
Q

Place of articulation: Pharyngeal

A

tongue + pharyx

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60
Q

Place of articulation: Glottal =

A

vocal folds

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61
Q
  • Articulators come together- Complete closure of air in oral cavity (voicing or not)- Quick release = burst of airflow- Velopharyngeal port closed (velum raised)what does this describe?
A

Plosive sounds (p) (b) (t) (d)

62
Q
  • Complete closure of air in oral cavity for V short amount of time (short plosive)- Velopharyngeal port CLOSED (velum raised)
A

tap sounds

63
Q
  • Complete closure of air in oral cavity for V short BUT repeated amount of time.- Velopharyngeal port CLOSED (velum raised)
A

trill sounds

64
Q
  • Complete closure of air in oral cavity- Air released through nose initially, then mouthVelopharyngeal port OPEN (velum lowered)
A

nasal sounds (m) (n)

65
Q
  • Articulators are very close together- Air sounds turbulent (friction between articulators)- Grooved or central (tongue shape)
A

FRICATIVES [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z]

66
Q

Sounds with a less narrow gap between articulators

A

APPROXIMANTS [j]

67
Q

Sounds with a narrow gap between articulators

A

fricatives

68
Q

Articulators are close togetherAir NOT turbulent

A

APPROXIMANTS [j]

69
Q

Sounds with a combination of plosive + fricative (same place of articulation)

A

affricates

70
Q

Complete closure of plosive Release as fricative

A

AFFRICATES

71
Q

OBSTRUENTS
- Air pressure change
- Noise created in oral cavity
- Velum raised (velopharyngeal port closed)

A

PLOSIVES, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES

72
Q

SONORANTS
- No air pressure change
- No production of noise in oral cavity
- Always voiced

A

APPROXIMANTS, NASALS

73
Q

The vowel space sits underneath what parts of the mouth?

A

hard palate and velum

74
Q

The 8 reference vowels defined by Daniel Jones are called?

A

The Cardinal Vowel System

75
Q

What is the term used to describe the height of the tongue in the vowels: /i/ and /u/?

A

Close

76
Q

What articulators are involved in vowel production?

A

tongue and velum

77
Q

Where about in the vowel space is the tongue for the vowels /a/ /e/ and /i/?

A

front

78
Q

monophthong

A

tongue stays still

79
Q

diphthong

A

tongue moves across oral cavity

80
Q

The vowels /i u e a o/ can all be referred to as?

A

Primary Cardinal Vowels

81
Q

Ladefoged analysed X-rays of the vowel production of the primary cardinal vowels and found that the front vowels were produced equidistantly, what did he find out about the back vowels?

A

The tongue is at the same height for Cardinal vowels 6 & 7

82
Q

A diphthong can be described as?

A

a constantly changing vowel where the beginning and the end are different

83
Q

A monophthong can be described as?

A

a vowel of constant quality, unchanging

84
Q

What are the three types of lip position in vowel production?

A

spread, neutral and rounded

85
Q

what voice quality has been described as the vocal folds flapping in the breeze?

A

Breathy voice

86
Q

During voicing, what happens to the vocal folds when air accelerates through the open glottis?

A

they get sucked together

87
Q

What is the physical property of pitch?

A

vocal fold vibrations

88
Q

What is the name of the theory of voice production?

A

aerodynamic theory of myoelasticity

89
Q

What is the average fundemental frequency for a male speaker?

A

120hz

90
Q

What is the name of the airstream used to produce vowels and consonants in English?

A

Pulmonic

91
Q

What airstream mechanism is used for the production of voiced implosive?

A

Glottalic

92
Q

What manners of articulation can be produced as ejectives?

A

plosives, fricatives, affricates

93
Q

What is the initiator in the production of the clicks?

A

tongue

94
Q

What direction does the air flow in the production of clicks?

A

inwards/ingressive

95
Q

what is the nane of the opening between the oral and nasal cavities?

A

velopharyngeal port

96
Q

two sounds in english are made at the glottal place of articulation- what are they?

A

/glottal plosive stop/ and /h/

97
Q

what manner of articulation is described as ‘narrow constriction’?

A

fricative

98
Q

in the production of lateral sounds, are the tongue sides raised or lowered?

A

lowered

99
Q

what manners of sounds are produced with complete closure in the oral cavity?

A

plosive

100
Q

egressive speech sounds =

A

Ejectives

101
Q

how to produce an ejective?

A
  • Close the glottis (coughing?)
  • Make the air-filled space smaller (move larynx upwards)
  • Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, alveolar, palatal, velar)
102
Q

speech sounds =

A

implosive (they are ingressive)

103
Q

how to produce an implosive

A
  • Close the glottis (coughing?)
  • Make the air-filled space BIGGER (move larynx DOWNwards)
  • Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, alveolar, palatal, velar)
104
Q

larynx moves DOWN implossive sounds

A

ingressive glottalic mechanism

105
Q

larynx moves UP ejective sounds

A

egressive glottalic mechanism

106
Q

velaric airsteam mechanism

A

velaric = refers to air from the oral cavity (from velar closure forward) tongue = initiator

107
Q

velaric ingressive airstream: Clicks

A
  1. Raise tongue dorsum to velum (closing oral cavity)
  2. Make the air-filled space bigger (move tongue DOWN and BACK)
  3. Closure in oral cavity required (bilabial, dental. alveolar, post alveolar) This allows a closed tube (1 closure at velum, 1 in front of oral cavity)
108
Q

bilabial click

A

similar to kissing (lips are not rounded though), more like [p]

109
Q

Dental Click

A

‘tut-tut’, ‘tsk-tsk’

110
Q

Lateral Click

A

Encouraging horse to speed up

111
Q

Alveolar Lateral Click

A

tsk tsk

112
Q

Palatoalveolar Click

A

clip clop

113
Q

When the glottis is closed, the larynx is raised and there is a closure in the oral cavity, what type of sound is produced when that oral closure is released?

A

ejective

114
Q

What happens to the air pressure in the oral cavity when the larynx is raised?

A

Pressure increases

115
Q

In the glottalic airstream mechanism, what acts as the initiator?

A

the larynx

116
Q

What is the name of the sounds produced using both the pulmonic and the glottalic airstream?

A

voiced implosives

117
Q

What manners of articulation can be made as ejectives?

A

Plosives, fricatives and affricates

118
Q

What is the name of the airstream used to produce vowels and consonants in English?

A

The Pulmonic Airstream

119
Q

What way does the larynx move to produce implosive sounds?

A

down

120
Q

How much air exists between the closed glottis and the lips?

A

100cm3

121
Q

What is the initiator used in the velaric airstream mechanism?

A

the tongue

122
Q

Where is the back closure of the oral cavity in the velaric airstream mechanism?

A

Velum

123
Q

Clicks can be made in what places of articulation?

A

Alveolar, velar and bilabial

124
Q

What direction does the air flow in the production of clicks?

A

Ingressive

125
Q

What direction does the front of the tongue move in the production of clicks?

A

down and back

126
Q

What happens to the air pressure between the back and front constriction when the tongue is pulled back and down?

A

drops

127
Q

The vowel space sits under what parts of the oral cavity?

A

palatal and velar

128
Q

the 8 reference vowels initially defiened by daniel jones are called what?

A

primary cardinal vowels

129
Q

what is the term used to describe the height of the vowels /j/ and /u/?

A

close/high

130
Q

the articulators are involved in vowel production?

A

tongue and lips

131
Q

The term ‘jitter’ is used to describe fluctuations in what aspect of speech production?

A

Pitch

132
Q

What is the term used to describe the closing of the vocal folds in phonation?

A

Adduction

133
Q

The term ‘shimmer’ refers to fluctuations in which aspect of speech production?

A

Loudness

134
Q

What is the name of the theory of voice production?

A

Aerodynamic Myoelastic

135
Q

What would be an average fundamental frequency for a male speaker?

A

120Hz

136
Q

What are the two main types of phonation?

A

voice and voiceless

137
Q

In the Bernoulli effect, what happens to a gas/liguid when it flows through a narrow opening?

A

It speeds up and pressure drops

138
Q

What 3 things can affect the pitch of a speakers voice?

A
  • sub-glottal pressure
  • mass
  • tension
139
Q

When happens to the vocal folds when air accelerates through the open glottis?

A

They are sucked together

140
Q

What is the term used to describe the pitch of a speaker’s voice?

A

fundamental frequency

141
Q

voice is what type of phonation

A

repetition of oppening (abduction) and closing (adduction) (vibration) of the vocal folds

142
Q

how does the repition of opening and closing (vibration) of the vocal folds happen?

A

Aerodynamic Myoelastic Theory of Phonation

143
Q

Aerodynamic myoelastic theory of phonation

A
  • closed glottis
  • vocal folds subjected to pressure
  • vocal folds abduct
  • subject to bernoulli effect
  • vocal folds adduct
  • back to closed glottis
144
Q

what is the bernoulli effect

A
  • gas/liquid flowing through narrow space accelerates
  • faster flow=drop in pressure
  • drop in pressure creates suction (rarefaction)
145
Q

the bernoulli effect in speech

A
  • gas/liquid flowing through narrow space accelerates
  • pulmonic air through glotis
  • faster flow=drop in pressure
  • faster air in glottis - drop in pressure creates suction (rarefaction)
  • vocal folds close
146
Q

how do the vocal folds close?

A

myoelasticity

147
Q

in the voice phonation type the vocal folds can open and close how many times per second?

A

80-500 times per second

148
Q

the breath phonation type

A
  • more air escapes through vocal folds
  • vocal folds may vibrate without closing
149
Q

the creak phonation type

A
  • vocal fry/laryngealisation
  • the vocal folds are strongly adducted: thickening of vocal folds open at front end
  • low freaquency crackeling sound: 25-50Hz
150
Q

the whisper phonation type

A

Clinical Phonetics and Phonology (2 decks)

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