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LING 1001 > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Language is systemic.

A

True; that is why we can use study it scientifically

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2
Q

T/F: Every language has it’s own properties.

A

False; there are universal properties of language

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3
Q

Define langauge competence

A

A person’s unseen potential to speak a language

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4
Q

Define language performance

A

The observational realisation of one’s langauge potential

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5
Q

Define performance error

A

The mistakes someone makes while speaking; DOES NOT reflect one’s competence

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6
Q

Explain the steps of the Speech Communication Chain

A

1: think of what you want to communicate
2: pick out words
3: put these words together according to linguistic rules
4: figure out how to pronounce these words
5: send pronouncations to your vocal anatomy
6: speak
7: perceive
8: decode
9: connect/recieve the idea

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7
Q

Define phonetics

A

Speech sounds and the way that they are arranged

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8
Q

T/F: Writing is a more perfect way of communicating than speech

A

False

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9
Q

Define prescriptive grammar

A

The socially constructed “rules” regarding the “proper” way to use language

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10
Q

Why is speech more basic than writing?

A

1: writing must be taught
2: writing does not and has not existed everywhere that speech is
3: writing can be edited

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11
Q

Define descriptive grammar

A

The rules of language as it is spoken

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12
Q

List the 9 features of language according to Hockett

A

1: mode of communication
2: semanticy
3: pragmatic function
4: interchangability
5: cultural transmission
6: arbitrariness
7: discreteness
8: displacement
9: productivity

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13
Q

Define mode of communication

A

Messages can be sent and recieved (otherwise known as modality)

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14
Q

Define semanticity

A

All signals in a communication system have a distinct meaning or function

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15
Q

Define pragmatic function

A

Language is used to achieve a goal/serves a purpose

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16
Q

Define interchangability

A

The ability of individuals to both transmit and recieve messages

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17
Q

Define cultural transmission

A

There are aspects of language that we can only acquire through communicative interaction with other users of the same language system

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18
Q

Define arbitrariness

A

The link between form and meaning is not predictable

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19
Q

Define discreteness

A

Language is built by combining discrete units in order to create larger communicative units

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20
Q

Define displacement

A

The ability of a language to communicate things that are not present in the space or time that the speakers are discussing them in.

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21
Q

Define productivity

A

The ability to produce and understand messages that have never been expressed before

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22
Q

What types of modality can language have?

A

1: Auditory-vocal (spoken)
2: Visual-gestural (signed)

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23
Q

Classify the following:
[p]

A

Voiceless
Bilabial
Stop
Examples: Pit, tiP, sPit, hiccouGH, aPPear

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24
Q

Classify the following:
[b]

A

Voiced
Bilabial
Stop
Examples: Ball, gloBe, amBle, BuBBle

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25
Q

Classify the following:
[t]

A

Voiceless
Alveolar
Stop
Examples: Tag, paT, sTick, pTerodactyl, sTuffeD

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26
Q

Classify the following:
[d]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Stop
Examples: Dip, carD, Drop, loveD

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27
Q

Classify the following:
[k]

A

Voiceless
Velar
Stop
Examples: Kit, sCoot, Character, critiQUE, eXceed

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28
Q

Classify the following:
[g]

A

Voiced
Velar
Stop
Examples: Guard, baG, finGer, pittsburGH

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29
Q

Classify the following:
[ʔ]

A

Voiceless
Glottal
Stop
Examples: uH-oh, haTrack, baTman, buTTon

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30
Q

Classify the following:
[f]

A

Voiceless
Labio-dental
Fricative
Examples: Foot, lauGH, PHilosoPHy, coFFee,

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31
Q

Classify the following:
[v]

A

Voiced
Labio-dental
Fricative
Examples: Vest, doVe, graVel, anVil

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32
Q

Classify the following:
[θ]

A

Voiceless
Inter-dental
Fricative
Examples: THrough, wraTH, teeTH

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33
Q

Classify the following:
[ð]

A

Voiced
Inter-dental
Fricative
Examples: THe, THeir, moTHer, teeTHe

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34
Q

Classify the following:
[s]

A

Voiceless
Alveolar
Fricative
Examples: Soap, pSychology, packS, peaCe, eXcruciating

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35
Q

Classify the following:
[z]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Fricative
Examples: Zip, roadS, kisseS, Xerox

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36
Q

Classify the following:
[ʃ]

A

Voiceless
Post-Alveolar
Fricative
Examples: SHy, miSSion, naTIon, glaCial, Sure

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37
Q

Classify the following:
[ʒ]

A

Voiced
Post-Alveolar
Fricative
Examples: meaSure, viSion, aZure, caSualty, deciSion

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38
Q

Classify the following:
[h]

A

Voiceless
Glottal
Fricative
Examples: WHo, Hat, reHash, Hole, WHole

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39
Q

Classify the following:
[tʃ]

A

Voiceless
Post-Alveolar
Affricate
Examples: CHoke, maTCH, feaTure, constiTuent

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40
Q

Classify the following:
[dʒ]

A

Voiced
Post-Alveolar
Affricate
Examples: JuDGE, GeorGe, Jell-o, reGion, resiDual

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41
Q

Classify the following:
[m]

A

Voiced
Bilabial
Nasal
Examples: Moose, laMb, sMack

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42
Q

Classify the following:
[n]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Nasal
Examples: Nap, desiGN, sNow, kNow, mNemoNic

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43
Q

Classify the following:
[ŋ]

A

Voiced
Velar
Nasal
Examples: luNG, thiNk, siNGer, aNkle, kiNG

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44
Q

Classify the following:
[l]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Lateral Liquid
Examples: Leaf, feeL, LLoyd, miLd

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45
Q

Classify the following:
[ɹ]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Retroflex Liquid
Examples: Reef, feaR, pRune, caRp

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46
Q

Classify the following:
[ɾ]

A

Voiced
Alveolar
Flap
Examples: buTTer, uDDer, aDam, boTTle

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47
Q

Classify the following:
[w]

A

Voiced
Bilabial
Glide
Examples: With, sWim, moWing, qUeen

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48
Q

Classify the following:
[ẉ]

A

Voicless
Bilabial
Glide
Examples: WHich, WHere, WHat

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49
Q

Classify the following:
[j]

A

Voiced
Palatal
Glide
Examples: You, bEAutiful, fEud, Use, Yell

50
Q

List the syllabic consonants and give an example

A
51
Q

List the three parts of the vocal tract system

A

1: Supralaryngeal Vocal Tract
2: Larynx
3: Subglottal System

52
Q

Define the elements of the supralaryngeal vocal tract

A

The nasal cavity, oral cavity and pharynx

53
Q

Define the elements of the subglottal system

A

The trachea and lungs

54
Q

Define the elements of the larynx

A

The vocal folds and the epiglottis

55
Q

Explain the significance of the glottis

A

It is the opening between the vocal folds in the larynx which determines the amount of airflow through the vocal tract.
It determines whether a consonant is voiced or voiceless.

56
Q

Define bilabial sounds and list all bilabial consonants

A

Made when bringing both lips close together
Includes: [p], [b], [m], [w], [w]** with a dot under

57
Q

Define labiodental sounds and list all labiodental consonants

A

Made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth
Includes: [f], [v]

58
Q

Define interdental sounds and list all interdental consonants

A

Made when the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth
Includes: [theta] and [eth]

59
Q

Define alveolar sounds and list all alveolar consonants

A

Made when the tip of the tongue is near or at the front of the upper alveolar ridge
Includes: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [flap] [l] [r]*** upside down

60
Q

Define post-alveolar sounds and list all post-alveolar consonants

A

Made when the front of the is just behind the alveolar ridge (at the front of the hard palate)
Includes: [esh], [yogh], [t-esh], [d-yogh]

61
Q

Define palatal sounds and list all palatal consonants

A

Made with the body of the tongue near the centre of the hard palate
Includes: [j]

62
Q

Define velar sounds and list all velar consonants

A

Made with the back part of the tongue body raised near the velum (the soft part behind the hard palate)
Includes: [k], [g], [engma]

63
Q

Define glottal sounds and list all glottal consonants

A

Made when air is constricted in the larynx
Include: [h], [glottal stop]

64
Q

Define stops and list all stops

A

Made by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral cavity
Include: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [glottal stop]

65
Q

Define fricative and list all fricatives

A

Made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract
Include: [f], [v], [theta], [eth], [s], [z], [esh], [yogh], [h]

66
Q

Define affricate and list all affricates

A

Complex sounds made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that a fricative noise is produced
Includes: [t-esh], [d-yogh]

67
Q

Define flap and list all flaps

A

Similar to a stop in that it involves the complete obstruction of the oral cavity however it is much quicker than a stop
Includes: [flap]

68
Q

Define nasal and list all nasals

A

Produced by relaxing the velum and lowering it, thus opening the nasal passage of the vocal tract
Includes: [m], [n], [engma]

69
Q

Define lateral liquid and list all lateral liquids

A

Involves constriction of the vocal tract but the constrictions are not narrow enough to completely block the vocal tract or cause turbulance
Liquids are more constrictive than glides
Includes: [l]

70
Q

Define retroflex liquids and list all retroflex liquids

A

Involves constriction of the vocal tract but the constrictions are not narrow enough to completely block the vocal tract or cause turbulance
Liquids are more constrictive than glides
Includes: [r]** upside down

71
Q

Define glide and list all glides

A

Made with only a slight closure of the articulators
Includes: [w], [j], [w]** with a dot underneath

72
Q

What are the three ways to classify consonants?

A

1: Voicing
2: Place of Articulation
3: Manner of Articulation

73
Q

Explain the syllable structure

A

Syllable
Syllable is broken down into onset and rhyme
Rhyme is broken into nucleus and coda

74
Q

What are the four classification elements for monothongic vowels?

A

1: Tongue height
2: Tongue Advancement
3: Lip rounding
4: Tenseness

75
Q

Classify the following:
[i]

A

Monothong
High
Front
Unrounded
Tense
Examples: bEAt, wE, belIEve, pEOple, monEY, dEAn

76
Q

Classify the following:
[ɪ]

A

Monothong
High
Front
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: bIt, consIst, Injury, malIgnant, bUsiness, gYm

77
Q

Classify the following:
[ε]

A

Monothong
Mid
Front
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: bEt, recEption, sAYs, gUEst, bEnd

78
Q

Classify the following:
[æ]

A

Monothong
Low
Front
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: bAt, lAUgh, Anger, comrAde

79
Q

Classify the following:
[u]

A

Monothong
High
Back
Rounded
Tense
Examples: bOOt, whO, brEWer, dUty, thrOUgh, dUne

80
Q

Classify the following:
[υ]

A

Monothong
High
Back
Rounded
Lax
Examples: pUt, fOOt, bUtcher, cOUld, bOOgie-wOOgie

81
Q

Classify the following:
[ɔ]

A

Monothong
Mid
Back
Rounded
Lax
Examples: bOUght, cAUght, wrOng, stAlk, cOre, lAW

82
Q

Classify the following:
[ɑ]

A

Monothong
Low
Back
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: pOt, fAther, sErgeant, hOnor, hOspital, bOmb

83
Q

Classify the following:
[ʌ]

A

Monothong
Mid
Central
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: bUt, tOUgh, anOther, Oven, fUngus

84
Q

Classify the following:
[ə]

A

Monothong
Mid
Central
Unrounded
Lax
Examples: Among, asIA, elOquent, famOUs, harmOny

85
Q

Define high tongue position and list high vowels

A

Mouth mostly closed with a raised tongue
Includes: [i], [capital ‘i’], [u], [upsilon]

86
Q

Define mid tongue position and list mid vowels

A

Mouth midway open with middle height tongue
Includes: [epsilon], [schwa], [wedge], [open o]

87
Q

Define low tongue position and list low vowels

A

Mouth largely open with a low tongue
Includes: [ash], [script a]

88
Q

Define front tongue advancement and list front vowels

A

The tongue is raised and pushed forward so it is just under the hard palate
Includes: [i], [capital ‘i’], [epsilon], [ash]

89
Q

Define central tongue advancement and list central vowels

A

Require neither the advancement nor the retratching of the tongue
Includes: [schwa], [wedge]

90
Q

Define back tongue advancement and list back vowels

A

Require the retrachment of the tongue and the tongue being raised in the back of the mouth toward the velum
Includes: [u], [upsilon], [open o], [script a]

91
Q

Define rounded vowels and list rounded vowels

A

Rounded lips while making the sound
Includes: [u], [upsilon], [open o]

92
Q

Define unrounded vowels and list unrounded vowels

A

Unrounded lips while making the sound
Includes: [i], [capital ‘i’], [epsilon], [ash], [schwa], [wedge], [script a]

93
Q

Define tense vowels and list tense vowels

A

Vowels that have more extreme position of the tongue and/or the lips than lax vowels. The production of these vowels involves the largest change from the mid-central resting position. Usually also have a longer duration than lax vowels.
Includes: [i], [u]

94
Q

Define lax vowels and list lax vowels

A

Vowels that do not have extreme positioning. Have a shorter duration than tense vowels.
Includes: [capital ‘i’], [epsilon], [ash], [schwa], [wedge], [script a], [upsilon], [open o]

95
Q

What is the distinction between a monothong and a diphthong?

A

Monothongs are simplistic vowels comprised of one sound. Meanwhile, diphthongs are complex as they are two-part sounds consisting of a transition between one vowel to the other in the same syllable.

96
Q

Classify the following:
[ɑɪ]

A

Diphthong
From low, back, unrounded, lax to high, front, unrounded, lax
Examples: I, abIde, stEIn, AIsle, chOIr, Island, fIne

97
Q

Classify the following:
[ɑυ]

A

Diphthong
From low, back, unrounded, lax to high, back, rounded, lax
Examples: bOUt, brOWn, dOUbt, flOWer, lOUd

98
Q

Classify the following:
[oυ]

A

Diphthong
From mid, back, rounded, tense to high, back, rounded, lax
Examples: Oh, bOAt, bEAu, grOW, thOUgh, Over

99
Q

Classify the following:
[eɪ]

A

Diphthong
From mid, front, unrounded, tense to high, front, unrounded, lax
Examples: bAIt, rEIgn, grEAt, thEY, gAUge, Age

100
Q

Classify the following:
[ɔɪ]

A

Diphthong
From mid, back, rounded, lax to high, front, unrounded, lax
Examples: bOY, dOIly, rejOIce, annOY

101
Q

Define segment

A

the discrete units of the speech stream

102
Q

Define suprasegment

A

Can be said to “ride on top of” segments in that they often apply to entire strings of consonants and vowels.
Includes properties such as stress, tone and intonation.

103
Q

Define rhyme

A

Consists of the vowel and any consonants that come after it.
Further broken down into the nucleus and coda.

104
Q

Define nucleus

A

The vocalic part of the rhyme.
The heart of the syllable carrying suprasegmental info such as stress, volume, and pitch.
Consonants do not function as the nucleus.

105
Q

Define coda

A

The consonants following the nucleus

106
Q

Define onset

A

The consonants preceeding the nucleus

107
Q

What is the difference between a standard vowel and a nasalized vowel?

A

Nasalized vowels are made by lowering the velum and opening the nasal passage, allowing air to escape through the nose and the mouth.

108
Q

How can one tell when a vowel is nasalized?

A

When a tilde is over top of the vowel such as Õ

109
Q

What is the significance of nasalized vowels in English?

A

There is none. Nasalization does not change the meaning of words in English but is instead used in French, German, Dutch, etc. (Refer to page 65)

110
Q

Define the following:
[r]

A

Voiced, alveolar, trill.
“Rolling” the ‘r’ such as [pero] in Spanish
Does not exist in English

111
Q

List the manners of articulation not used in English.

A

Voiced alveolar trill [r] (Spanish)
Palatized consonants [tʲ] (Russian)
Velarized alveolar lateral liquid [ɬ] (Macedonian)
Ejective consonants [p’] (Lakhota)

112
Q

List the characteristics of vowels

A

Height
Advancement
Rounding
Tongue Placement
(use acroynym HART)

113
Q

List the other potention suprasegmental features of sounds

A

Length
Intonation
Tone
Stress

114
Q

Are vowels typically longer or shorter when proceeding a voiceless consonant?

A

Vowels are typically 1.5 times shorter when proceeding voiceless consonant

115
Q

What purpose does intonation serve?

A

Intonation contour can effect the meaning of a phrase/word (consider yes? versus yes. versus yes!)

116
Q

Define pitch accents and explain their purpose

A

Pitch accents involve a change in fundamental frequency in the middle of an utterance and may be pitched up or down to convey meaning (refer to page 71 for examples)

117
Q

Define phrase tones and explain their purpose

A

Like pitch accents, phrase tones involve changes in fundamental frequency but instead occur at the end of a phrase, often to imply the overall meaning of a phrase (think of it like using a question mark, your pitch goes up at the end of the question)

118
Q

Define tone

A

In many languages, the tone in which a word is said effects the words’ meaning such as in Mandarin, Thai, Vietnamese etc

119
Q

What is the difference between tone and intonation?

A

Tone: refers to the overall attitude and emotion behind a word that will effect the word’s meaning
Intonation: the fluctuation in one person’s voice as they speak

120
Q

Define stress

A

Stress is a property of entire syllables, not segments and the syllable nucleus carries the most information about stress (consider where the stress is in the word [photograph] versus [photography])

121
Q

Are stressed or unstressed vowels more prominent?

A

Stressed as they are typically longer and louder

122
Q

Is stress predicatable in English?

A

No, stress is not predictable and must be learned for each word
It can sometimes change the meaning as well such as WHITE house versus white HOUSE

LING 1001 (5 decks)

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