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Linguistics > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principles of Phonetics?

A

Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory

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2
Q

What do you call a distinctive speech sound?

A

Phone/Segment

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3
Q

What is it called when a sound is made with air coming inside the oral cavity?

A

Ingressive

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4
Q

What is it called when a sound is made with air escaping the oral cavity?

A

Egressive

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5
Q

What muscles are involved in maintaining pressure in the lungs?

A

Intercostals, Diaphragm

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6
Q

What are the glottal states?

A

Voiced / Voiceless

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7
Q

What is an active articulator?

A

The tongue because we can move it.

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8
Q

What is a passive articulator?

A

The alveolar ridge because we cannot move it.

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9
Q

What are the parts of the tongue?

A

Tip, Blade, Body, Back, Root

Body + Back = Dorsum

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10
Q

What are the coronal positions?

A

Dental, Alveolar, Palato-Alveolar, Retroflex

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11
Q

What are the dorsal sounds?

A

Palatal, Velar, Uvular

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12
Q

Nasal sound:

A

Lowered velum with air going through the nasal cavity.
No pure nasal vowels exist.

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13
Q

Plosive:

A

An expulsion of sound after a momentary closure.
Usually for non-nasal.

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14
Q

Fricatives:

A

Forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

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15
Q

Approximates:

A

Intermediate between vowels and consonants because they are sonorous but considered consonants.

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16
Q

Trill:

A

Produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation.

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17
Q

Tap/Flap

A

Single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.
No buildup of air pressure.

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18
Q

Affricates:

A

Combination of two sounds that happen in rapid succession.
/t/ + /sh/ = /ch/

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19
Q

Liquids:

A

Lateral liquids and rhotics.
/l/ and /r/

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20
Q

Glides:

A

w or j

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21
Q

Breathy voice:

A

vocal folds vibrate and air passes through in a larger amount

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22
Q

Creaky voice:

A

vocal fry, lowering the rate of vibration

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23
Q

Nasalization:

A

A sound produced when the velum is lowered.

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24
Q

Palatalization:

A

A sound in which the tongue is moved to the hard palate.

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25
Q

Dentalization:

A

A sound that is articulated with the tongue against the teeth when it usually isn’t.

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26
Q

Labialization:

A

protrusion of the lips (rounded)

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27
Q

What is the recipe for naming consonants?

A

Glottal state + Place of Articulation + Manner of Articulation:

voiced bilabial plosive = /b/

28
Q

What is a simple vowel?

A

A vowel with no change in vowel quality.

29
Q

Tense vowel:

A

when a voiced consonant that follows a vowel, it is going to be longer than with a voiceless.

30
Q

Lax vowels:

A

«short» vowels

31
Q

Diphthongs:

A

There is a change in vowel quality

32
Q

What are minor diphthongs sometimes replaced with?

A

/eI/ -> /e/ and ou to o

33
Q

Vowel naming conventions:

A

height + frontedness + roundedness

high front unrounded = /i/

34
Q

Line drawing line segments:

A

Labial, Coronal, Dorsal, Velic, Glottal

35
Q

How to draw the labial line?

A

open: two parallel lines
closed: one line
/w/ = obstructed lines

36
Q

How to draw Coronal line drawings?

A

Closed lines for touching coronal position.
Open for not.
Narrow open lines for fricatives.
Near open for glide lines.

37
Q

How to draw Dorsal lines?

A

Closed if the back of your tongue is on the dorsal.

38
Q

How to draw Velic lines?

A

Open velum (nasal): two parallel lines
Closed velum (oral): closed lines

39
Q

How to draw glottal lines?

A

Voiced: squiggly
Voiceless: straight

40
Q

How do we make sound groupings?

A

Based on their phonetic properties: acoustic, syllabic and articulatory

41
Q

What is prosody?

A

pitch and intonation

42
Q

What is a prosodic unit?

A

A pack of words that have the same pitch.

43
Q

What is human speech pitch?

A

200Hz

44
Q

What Hz can humans hear?

A

20-20,000 Hz at newborn. Decreases as you age.

45
Q

What frequency line is the pitch on a spectrogram?

A

f0

46
Q

Define: allophone

A

A phonetic variation of a phoneme.

47
Q

What Greek letter represents a syllable?

A

Sigma

48
Q

What is the nucleus of a syllable?

A

Usually the vowel

49
Q

What is the coda of a syllable?

A

The end consonant after the nucleus.

50
Q

What is the onset of a syllable.

A

The consonants before the nucleus.

51
Q

What two requirements need to be satisfied if more than one consonant is in the onset or coda position?

A

Sonority and Binary

52
Q

What is the sonority requirement?

A

Onset: starts quiet, vowel is the loudest.
Coda: starts loud near the vowel, quietest at the end.

Obs: 0. Nasal: 1. Liquid: 2. Glide: 3. Vowel: 4.

53
Q

What is the Binary requirement?

A

You can only have two segments off the coda or onset.
English breaks this requirement.

54
Q

What is gemination?

A

Consonant elongation.

55
Q

What is ambisyllabicity?

A

Only in English.
In order to not break the lax vowel+coda constraint.
sev.en or se.ven?
the /v/ is shared between syllables.

56
Q

What is co-articulation?

A

The brain’s way of organizing sequences of vowels and cons. so that they are produced smoothly.

57
Q

Define: phonetactics

A

What is possible and impossible in a given language.

58
Q

define: Harmonics

A

an individual component of a complex wave form

59
Q

Why are harmonics evenly spaced?

A

They are multiples of F0

60
Q

Why do formants happen?

A

Because of resonance in the vocal-tract

61
Q

What is F1?

A

The first harmonic

62
Q

Length of a tap/flap?

A

Short. No VOT

63
Q

define: VOT

A

the phase that comes after the release burst and ends at the voicing of the vowel.

64
Q

What makes one nasal more pure than another?

A

How well it blocks the nasal cavity.

65
Q

What are phonetic assumptions?

A

We use context from other things we know when we encounter a new word.

66
Q

Does English have pharyngeal phonèmes?

A

no

Linguistics (4 decks)

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