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Linguistics > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principles of Phonetics?

A

Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory

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2
Q

What do you call a distinctive speech sound?

A

Phone/Segment

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3
Q

What is it called when a sound is made with air coming inside the oral cavity?

A

Ingressive

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4
Q

What is it called when a sound is made with air escaping the oral cavity?

A

Egressive

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5
Q

What muscles are involved in maintaining pressure in the lungs?

A

Intercostals, Diaphragm

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6
Q

What are the glottal states?

A

Voiced / Voiceless

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7
Q

What is an active articulator?

A

The tongue because we can move it.

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8
Q

What is a passive articulator?

A

The alveolar ridge because we cannot move it.

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9
Q

What are the parts of the tongue?

A

Tip, Blade, Body, Back, Root

Body + Back = Dorsum

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10
Q

What are the coronal positions?

A

Dental, Alveolar, Palato-Alveolar, Retroflex

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11
Q

What are the dorsal sounds?

A

Palatal, Velar, Uvular

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12
Q

Nasal sound:

A

Lowered velum with air going through the nasal cavity.
No pure nasal vowels exist.

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13
Q

Plosive:

A

An expulsion of sound after a momentary closure.
Usually for non-nasal.

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14
Q

Fricatives:

A

Forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

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15
Q

Approximates:

A

Intermediate between vowels and consonants because they are sonorous but considered consonants.

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16
Q

Trill:

A

Produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation.

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17
Q

Tap/Flap

A

Single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.
No buildup of air pressure.

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18
Q

Affricates:

A

Combination of two sounds that happen in rapid succession.
/t/ + /sh/ = /ch/

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19
Q

Liquids:

A

Lateral liquids and rhotics.
/l/ and /r/

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20
Q

Glides:

A

w or j

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21
Q

Breathy voice:

A

vocal folds vibrate and air passes through in a larger amount

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22
Q

Creaky voice:

A

vocal fry, lowering the rate of vibration

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23
Q

Nasalization:

A

A sound produced when the velum is lowered.

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24
Q

Palatalization:

A

A sound in which the tongue is moved to the hard palate.

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25
Dentalization:
A sound that is articulated with the tongue against the teeth when it usually isn’t.
26
Labialization:
protrusion of the lips (rounded)
27
What is the recipe for naming consonants?
Glottal state + Place of Articulation + Manner of Articulation: voiced bilabial plosive = /b/
28
What is a simple vowel?
A vowel with no change in vowel quality.
29
Tense vowel:
when a voiced consonant that follows a vowel, it is going to be longer than with a voiceless.
30
Lax vowels:
« short » vowels
31
Diphthongs:
There is a change in vowel quality
32
What are minor diphthongs sometimes replaced with?
/eI/ -> /e/ and ou to o
33
Vowel naming conventions:
height + frontedness + roundedness high front unrounded = /i/
34
Line drawing line segments:
Labial, Coronal, Dorsal, Velic, Glottal
35
How to draw the labial line?
open: two parallel lines closed: one line /w/ = obstructed lines
36
How to draw Coronal line drawings?
Closed lines for touching coronal position. Open for not. Narrow open lines for fricatives. Near open for glide lines.
37
How to draw Dorsal lines?
Closed if the back of your tongue is on the dorsal.
38
How to draw Velic lines?
Open velum (nasal): two parallel lines Closed velum (oral): closed lines
39
How to draw glottal lines?
Voiced: squiggly Voiceless: straight
40
How do we make sound groupings?
Based on their phonetic properties: acoustic, syllabic and articulatory
41
What is prosody?
pitch and intonation
42
What is a prosodic unit?
A pack of words that have the same pitch.
43
What is human speech pitch?
200Hz
44
What Hz can humans hear?
20-20,000 Hz at newborn. Decreases as you age.
45
What frequency line is the pitch on a spectrogram?
f0
46
Define: allophone
A phonetic variation of a phoneme.
47
What Greek letter represents a syllable?
Sigma
48
What is the nucleus of a syllable?
Usually the vowel
49
What is the coda of a syllable?
The end consonant after the nucleus.
50
What is the onset of a syllable.
The consonants before the nucleus.
51
What two requirements need to be satisfied if more than one consonant is in the onset or coda position?
Sonority and Binary
52
What is the sonority requirement?
Onset: starts quiet, vowel is the loudest. Coda: starts loud near the vowel, quietest at the end. Obs: 0. Nasal: 1. Liquid: 2. Glide: 3. Vowel: 4.
53
What is the Binary requirement?
You can only have two segments off the coda or onset. English breaks this requirement.
54
What is gemination?
Consonant elongation.
55
What is ambisyllabicity?
Only in English. In order to not break the lax vowel+coda constraint. sev.en or se.ven? the /v/ is shared between syllables.
56
What is co-articulation?
The brain’s way of organizing sequences of vowels and cons. so that they are produced smoothly.
57
Define: phonetactics
What is possible and impossible in a given language.
58
define: Harmonics
an individual component of a complex wave form
59
Why are harmonics evenly spaced?
They are multiples of F0
60
Why do formants happen?
Because of resonance in the vocal-tract
61
What is F1?
The first harmonic
62
Length of a tap/flap?
Short. No VOT
63
define: VOT
the phase that comes after the release burst and ends at the voicing of the vowel.
64
What makes one nasal more pure than another?
How well it blocks the nasal cavity.
65
What are phonetic assumptions?
We use context from other things we know when we encounter a new word.
66
Does English have pharyngeal phonèmes?
no

Linguistics (4 decks)

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