Phonetics Flashcards
List the 7 Places of Articulation for Consonants
Bilabials, Labiodentals, Interdentals, Alveolars, Alveopalatals & Palatals, Velars, Glottals
What are Bilabials?
Sounds made with the closure or near closure of both the upper and lower lips.
-> [p], [b], [m], [w]
What are Labiodentals?
Sounds made involving the upper teeth and lower lip.
-> [f], [v]
What are Interdentals?
Sounds produced with the tongue between the teeth.
-> [th], [thh]
What are Alveolars?
Sounds produced when the front of the tongue touches or is brought near the alveolar ridge.
-> [t], [d], [n], [r], [l], [D], [s], [z]
What are Alveopalatals and Palatals?
Sounds made just behind the alveolar ridge where the roof of the mouth rises sharply.
Alveopalatal sounds -> [3], [sh]
Palatal sounds -> [j], [d3], [ch]
What are Velars?
Sounds produced when the tongue is touching or near the soft area towards the back of the mouth.
-> [k], [g], [ng]
What are Glottals? What are glottal stops?
Sounds produced in the glottis without the active use of the tongue.
-> [h]
Glottal stops -> [?] -> button, uh-oh, Batman.
What are the 7 manners of articulation for consonants?
Stops, Fricatives, Flaps, Affricates, Orals vs Nasals, Liquids, Glides
What are Stops?
Sounds made with a brief complete closure in the oral cavity or glottis, followed by the release of the air stream.
-> [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [?], [m], [n] [ng]
What are Fricatives?
Sounds produced with a continuous airflow through the a partially obstructed mouth.
-> [f], [v], [s], [z], [th], [thh], [sh], [3], [h]
What are Affricates?
These are sounds that begin as a stop and release as a fricative.
-> [ch], [d3]
What are Oral vs. Nasal sounds?
Oral sounds: the velum is raised and prevents airflow from entering the nasal passage.
Nasal sounds: the velum is lowered and air can flow through the nasal passage.
What are Liquids? Lateral liquids? Retroflex liquid?
Sounds with some obstruction but no real friction. As laterals are articulated, air escapes through both sides of the tongue. For retroflexes, the tongue tip bunches upwards in the back of the mouth
Lateral liquid -> [l]
Retroflex liquid -> [r]
What are Flaps?
Sounds made when the tongue strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across.
-> [D]
What are Glides?
Sounds made when the tongue glides to or from vowel.
-> [j], [w]
What affects vowel production?
Tongue placement, lip shape, velum positioning, degree of vocal tract constriction
Describe tongue placement:
Vertical: high, mid, low
Horizontal: front, central back
Describe lip shape:
Rounded vs. Unrounded
Describe the degrees of vocal tract constriction:
Tense vs lax
What are Diphthongs?
Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable.
-> [aj], [oj], [aw], [vj], [ir], [er], [or], [ar], [ur], [ər]
Describe the difference between the Schwa and Wedge…
Schwa: “Uh” sound in unstressed syllables -> sof(a)
Wedge: “Uh” sound in stressed syllables -> th(u)mb
Describe the difference between tense and lax vowels.
Tense: longer and higher pitched vowels.
Lax: shorter vowels.
Describe careful speech vs rapid speech.
For the word balloons:
Careful = [bəlunz]
Rapid = [blunz]
What are the 5 speech production processes?
Assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, epenthesis and metathesis
What is Assimilation?
When there is a sound change in which some phonemes change to become more similar to other nearby sounds within a word or between words.
Is sound more like neighbours?
Pancake Waiter
What is Dissimilation?
When sounds within or between words become less like a preceding or following sound.
Is sound less like neighbours?
Fifths
What is Deletion?
The process of not pronouncing a sound segment normally present in careful speech.
-> gover(n)ment
Is sound missing?
Friendship
What is Epenthesis?
The addition of a sound to break up an awkward cluster of consonants.
-> [blu] — [bəlue]
Is sound added?
Hamster
What is Metathesis?
The reordering of sounds.
Spaghetti — pasghetti
Is sound order changed?
How would you describe [i] sound?
High front tense unrounded
How would you describe I sound? As in bit
High front lax unrounded
How would you describe e sound?
Mid front tense unrounded
How would you describe e sound as in bet?
Mid front lax unrounded
How would you describe ae sound?
Low front lax unrounded
How would you describe wedge sound?
Mid centre lax unrounded
How would you describe schwa sound?
Mid centre lax unrounded
How would you describe u sound?
High back tense rounded
How would you describe u sound as in book
High back lax rounded
How would you describe o sound?
Mid back tense rounded
How would you describe o sound as in bought ?
Mid back lax rounded
